This study examines the relationship between human resource development (HRD) practices and innovative performance by mediating teamwork and supervisor support. Drawing from social exchange theory (SET), we propose that HRD practices are positively related to innovative performance. Additionally, we suggest that teamwork mediates the relationship between HRD practices and innovative performance, and that supervisor support mediates the relationship between HRD practices and innovative performance. The study is based on a sample of 142 SMEs operating in the Russian labour market. The results indicate that SMEs that only use HRD practices do not achieve innovative results; to attain innovative outcomes, it is necessary to combine HRD practices with teamwork and supervisor support. The results are analysed in terms of their theoretical implications and practical application.