The article analyzes the differences in the noun system of Romanian and French languages. It explores the structure of nominal categories, the means of their expression, the functioning of the nominal syntagma. The comparison is carried out using the material of other Romance languages. It is noted that since the Romanian postpositional definite article takes a weak position in the nominal group, the adjectival or determinative article is used to enhance the meaning of definiteness. The French definite article, being proclitic, doesn’t need such strengthening. The article also considers the differences between Romanian and French languages in reflecting the relations of belonging, which in French language are marked primarily by possessive determinatives, while Romanian speakers tend to use personal pronouns, which can function independently or in combination with possessive determinatives. There are also differences in the form of a direct object expressed by an animate noun.