The aim of the present work was to assess the ability of adults to recognize emotional state in typically developing (TD) children and children with diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the history in terms of facial expressions, vocalizations, and speech signals. Participants in the study were children with ASD (ICD-10 F84.0) aged 5–16 years (n = 25) and TD children aged 4–7 years (n = 60). Stimulus material was selected on the basis of analysis of the children’s behavior and speech/vocalization in different emotional states. Features of the recognition by adults (n = 514) of emotional states in TD children and children with ASD were identified. Emotional states in children with ASD were better recognized from the characteristics of vocalizations and speech than by facial expression. This finding has potential for developing methods of evaluating children’s status from the characteristics of their voices and for creating automatic speech recognition systems for training children with atypical development.