The paper considers how artionyms are represented in human and machine translation, which is relevant for applied, corpus and comparative linguistics, as well as Translation Studies. Names of works of art form national and world artionymicon, participate in art discourse, influence the quality of its translation and the evaluation of chef-d’oeuvres in target cultures, which determines the research relevance. The notion “artyonym” is considered in reference to the notion of essence applied to typological properties of masterpieces, including their ideas, emotivity, imagery and artistic form. The comparative analysis of source and target artionyms examplified by English translation of K. Malevich’s artionyms has revealed that human translation is characterized with “sense-for-sense” creative representation of source artionyms in the target language and culture and is based on comprehending an artionym in the context with the form and content of the work of art itself. Machine translation is devoid of contextualization and implements the tactics of “word-for-word” automatic reproduction. The classification of target artionyms coincidence in human and machine translation includes full, partial and noncoincidence influencing the evaluation of Russian fine arts of the twentieth century abroad.