Standard
Multiwavelength variability and correlation studies of Mrk 421 during historically low X-ray and γ-ray activity in 2015-2016. / Acciari, V. A.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.; Asano, K.; Babić, A.; Banerjee, B.; Baquero, A.; Barres De Almeida, U.; Barrio, J. A.; Becerra González, J.; Bednarek, W.; Bellizzi, L.; Bernardini, E.; Bernardos, M.; Berti, A.; Besenrieder, J.; Bhattacharyya, W.; Bigongiari, C.; Blanch, O.; Bonnoli, G.; Bošnjak, Z.; Busetto, G.; Carosi, R.; Ceribella, G.; Cerruti, M.; Chai, Y.; Chilingarian, A.; Cikota, S.; Colak, S. M.; Colombo, E.; Contreras, J. L.; Cortina, J.; Covino, S.; D'Amico, G.; D'Elia, V.; Da Vela, P.; Dazzi, F.; De Angelis, A.; De Lotto, B.; Delfino, M.; Delgado, J.; Delgado Mendez, C.; Depaoli, D.; Di Girolamo, T.; Di Pierro, F.; Di Venere, L.; Do Souto Espiñeira, E.; Dominis Prester, D.; Donini, A.; Doro, M.; Fallah Ramazani, V.; Fattorini, A.; Ferrara, G.; Foffano, L.; Fonseca, M. V.; Font, L.; Fruck, C.; Fukami, S.; García López, R. J.; Garczarczyk, M.; Gasparyan, S.; Gaug, M.; Giglietto, N.; Giordano, F.; Gliwny, P.; Godinović, N.; Green, J. G.; Green, D.; Hadasch, D.; Hahn, A.; Heckmann, L.; Herrera, J.; Hoang, J.; Hrupec, D.; Hütten, M.; Inada, T.; Inoue, S.; Ishio, K.; Iwamura, Y.; Jormanainen, J.; Jouvin, L.; Kajiwara, Y.; Karjalainen, M.; Kerszberg, D.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kubo, H.; Kushida, J.; Lamastra, A.; Lelas, D.; Leone, F.; Lindfors, E.; Lombardi, S.; Longo, F.; López, M.; López-Coto, R.; López-Oramas, A.; Loporchio, S.; MacHado De Oliveira Fraga, B.; Maggio, C.; Majumdar, P.; Makariev, M.; Mallamaci, M.; Maneva, G.; Manganaro, M.; Maraschi, L.; Mariotti, M.; Martínez, M.; Mazin, D.; Mender, S.; Mićanović, S.; Miceli, D.; Miener, T.; Minev, M.; Miranda, J. M.; Mirzoyan, R.; Molina, E.; Moralejo, A.; Morcuende, D.; Moreno, V.; Moretti, E.; Munar-Adrover, P.; Neustroev, V.; Nigro, C.; Nilsson, K.; Ninci, D.; Nishijima, K.; Noda, K.; Nozaki, S.; Ohtani, Y.; Oka, T.; Otero-Santos, J.; Palatiello, M.; Paneque, D.; Paoletti, R.; Paredes, J. M.; Pavletić, L.; Peñil, P.; Perennes, C.; Persic, M.; Prada Moroni, P. G.; Prandini, E.; Priyadarshi, C.; Puljak, I.; Rhode, W.; Ribó, M.; Rico, J.; Righi, C.; Rugliancich, A.; Saha, L.; Sahakyan, N.; Saito, T.; Sakurai, S.; Satalecka, K.; Schleicher, B.; Schmidt, K.; Schweizer, T.; Sitarek, J.; Šnidarić, I.; Sobczynska, D.; Spolon, A.; Stamerra, A.; Strom, D.; Strzys, M.; Suda, Y.; Surić, T.; Takahashi, M.; Tavecchio, F.; Temnikov, P.; Terzić, T.; Teshima, M.; Torres-Albà, N.; Tosti, L.; Truzzi, S.; Van Scherpenberg, J.; Vanzo, G.; Vazquez Acosta, M.; Ventura, S.; Verguilov, V.; Vigorito, C. F.; Vitale, V.; Vovk, I.; Will, M.; Zarić, D.; Arbet-Engels, A.; Baack, D.; Balbo, M.; Beck, M.; Biederbeck, N.; Biland, A.; Bretz, T.; Bruegge, K.; Buss, J.; Dorner, D.; Elsaesser, D.; Hildebrand, D.; Iotov, R.; Klinger, M.; Mannheim, K.; Neise, D.; Neronov, A.; Noethe, M.; Paravac, A.; Rhode, W.; Schleicher, B.; Sliusar, V.; Theissen, F.; Walter, R.; Valverde, J.; Horan, D.; Giroletti, M.; Perri, M.; Verrecchia, F.; Leto, C.; Sadun, A. C.; Moody, J. W.; Joner, M.; Marscher, A. P.; Jorstad, S. G.; Lähteenmäki, A.; Tornikoski, M.; Ramakrishnan, V.; Järvelä, E.; Vera, R. J.C.; Righini, S.; Lien, A. Y.
In:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 504, No. 1, 01.06.2021, p. 1427-1451.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
Harvard
Acciari, VA, Ansoldi, S, Antonelli, LA, Asano, K, Babić, A, Banerjee, B, Baquero, A, Barres De Almeida, U, Barrio, JA, Becerra González, J, Bednarek, W, Bellizzi, L, Bernardini, E, Bernardos, M, Berti, A, Besenrieder, J, Bhattacharyya, W, Bigongiari, C, Blanch, O, Bonnoli, G, Bošnjak, Z, Busetto, G, Carosi, R, Ceribella, G, Cerruti, M, Chai, Y, Chilingarian, A, Cikota, S, Colak, SM, Colombo, E, Contreras, JL, Cortina, J, Covino, S, D'Amico, G, D'Elia, V, Da Vela, P, Dazzi, F, De Angelis, A, De Lotto, B, Delfino, M, Delgado, J, Delgado Mendez, C, Depaoli, D, Di Girolamo, T, Di Pierro, F, Di Venere, L, Do Souto Espiñeira, E, Dominis Prester, D, Donini, A, Doro, M, Fallah Ramazani, V, Fattorini, A, Ferrara, G, Foffano, L, Fonseca, MV, Font, L, Fruck, C, Fukami, S, García López, RJ, Garczarczyk, M, Gasparyan, S, Gaug, M, Giglietto, N, Giordano, F, Gliwny, P, Godinović, N, Green, JG, Green, D, Hadasch, D, Hahn, A, Heckmann, L, Herrera, J, Hoang, J, Hrupec, D, Hütten, M, Inada, T, Inoue, S, Ishio, K, Iwamura, Y, Jormanainen, J, Jouvin, L, Kajiwara, Y, Karjalainen, M, Kerszberg, D, Kobayashi, Y, Kubo, H, Kushida, J, Lamastra, A, Lelas, D, Leone, F, Lindfors, E, Lombardi, S, Longo, F, López, M, López-Coto, R, López-Oramas, A, Loporchio, S, MacHado De Oliveira Fraga, B, Maggio, C, Majumdar, P, Makariev, M, Mallamaci, M, Maneva, G, Manganaro, M, Maraschi, L, Mariotti, M, Martínez, M, Mazin, D, Mender, S, Mićanović, S, Miceli, D, Miener, T, Minev, M, Miranda, JM, Mirzoyan, R, Molina, E, Moralejo, A, Morcuende, D, Moreno, V, Moretti, E, Munar-Adrover, P, Neustroev, V, Nigro, C, Nilsson, K, Ninci, D, Nishijima, K, Noda, K, Nozaki, S, Ohtani, Y, Oka, T, Otero-Santos, J, Palatiello, M, Paneque, D, Paoletti, R, Paredes, JM, Pavletić, L, Peñil, P, Perennes, C, Persic, M, Prada Moroni, PG, Prandini, E, Priyadarshi, C, Puljak, I, Rhode, W, Ribó, M, Rico, J, Righi, C, Rugliancich, A, Saha, L, Sahakyan, N, Saito, T, Sakurai, S, Satalecka, K, Schleicher, B, Schmidt, K, Schweizer, T, Sitarek, J, Šnidarić, I, Sobczynska, D, Spolon, A, Stamerra, A, Strom, D, Strzys, M, Suda, Y, Surić, T, Takahashi, M, Tavecchio, F, Temnikov, P, Terzić, T, Teshima, M, Torres-Albà, N, Tosti, L, Truzzi, S, Van Scherpenberg, J, Vanzo, G, Vazquez Acosta, M, Ventura, S, Verguilov, V, Vigorito, CF, Vitale, V, Vovk, I, Will, M, Zarić, D, Arbet-Engels, A, Baack, D, Balbo, M, Beck, M, Biederbeck, N, Biland, A, Bretz, T, Bruegge, K, Buss, J, Dorner, D, Elsaesser, D, Hildebrand, D, Iotov, R, Klinger, M, Mannheim, K, Neise, D, Neronov, A, Noethe, M, Paravac, A, Rhode, W, Schleicher, B, Sliusar, V, Theissen, F, Walter, R, Valverde, J, Horan, D, Giroletti, M, Perri, M, Verrecchia, F, Leto, C, Sadun, AC, Moody, JW, Joner, M, Marscher, AP
, Jorstad, SG, Lähteenmäki, A, Tornikoski, M, Ramakrishnan, V, Järvelä, E, Vera, RJC, Righini, S & Lien, AY 2021, '
Multiwavelength variability and correlation studies of Mrk 421 during historically low X-ray and γ-ray activity in 2015-2016',
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 504, no. 1, pp. 1427-1451.
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3727APA
Acciari, V. A., Ansoldi, S., Antonelli, L. A., Asano, K., Babić, A., Banerjee, B., Baquero, A., Barres De Almeida, U., Barrio, J. A., Becerra González, J., Bednarek, W., Bellizzi, L., Bernardini, E., Bernardos, M., Berti, A., Besenrieder, J., Bhattacharyya, W., Bigongiari, C., Blanch, O., ... Lien, A. Y. (2021).
Multiwavelength variability and correlation studies of Mrk 421 during historically low X-ray and γ-ray activity in 2015-2016.
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
504(1), 1427-1451.
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3727Vancouver
Author
Acciari, V. A. ; Ansoldi, S. ; Antonelli, L. A. ; Asano, K. ; Babić, A. ; Banerjee, B. ; Baquero, A. ; Barres De Almeida, U. ; Barrio, J. A. ; Becerra González, J. ; Bednarek, W. ; Bellizzi, L. ; Bernardini, E. ; Bernardos, M. ; Berti, A. ; Besenrieder, J. ; Bhattacharyya, W. ; Bigongiari, C. ; Blanch, O. ; Bonnoli, G. ; Bošnjak, Z. ; Busetto, G. ; Carosi, R. ; Ceribella, G. ; Cerruti, M. ; Chai, Y. ; Chilingarian, A. ; Cikota, S. ; Colak, S. M. ; Colombo, E. ; Contreras, J. L. ; Cortina, J. ; Covino, S. ; D'Amico, G. ; D'Elia, V. ; Da Vela, P. ; Dazzi, F. ; De Angelis, A. ; De Lotto, B. ; Delfino, M. ; Delgado, J. ; Delgado Mendez, C. ; Depaoli, D. ; Di Girolamo, T. ; Di Pierro, F. ; Di Venere, L. ; Do Souto Espiñeira, E. ; Dominis Prester, D. ; Donini, A. ; Doro, M. ; Fallah Ramazani, V. ; Fattorini, A. ; Ferrara, G. ; Foffano, L. ; Fonseca, M. V. ; Font, L. ; Fruck, C. ; Fukami, S. ; García López, R. J. ; Garczarczyk, M. ; Gasparyan, S. ; Gaug, M. ; Giglietto, N. ; Giordano, F. ; Gliwny, P. ; Godinović, N. ; Green, J. G. ; Green, D. ; Hadasch, D. ; Hahn, A. ; Heckmann, L. ; Herrera, J. ; Hoang, J. ; Hrupec, D. ; Hütten, M. ; Inada, T. ; Inoue, S. ; Ishio, K. ; Iwamura, Y. ; Jormanainen, J. ; Jouvin, L. ; Kajiwara, Y. ; Karjalainen, M. ; Kerszberg, D. ; Kobayashi, Y. ; Kubo, H. ; Kushida, J. ; Lamastra, A. ; Lelas, D. ; Leone, F. ; Lindfors, E. ; Lombardi, S. ; Longo, F. ; López, M. ; López-Coto, R. ; López-Oramas, A. ; Loporchio, S. ; MacHado De Oliveira Fraga, B. ; Maggio, C. ; Majumdar, P. ; Makariev, M. ; Mallamaci, M. ; Maneva, G. ; Manganaro, M. ; Maraschi, L. ; Mariotti, M. ; Martínez, M. ; Mazin, D. ; Mender, S. ; Mićanović, S. ; Miceli, D. ; Miener, T. ; Minev, M. ; Miranda, J. M. ; Mirzoyan, R. ; Molina, E. ; Moralejo, A. ; Morcuende, D. ; Moreno, V. ; Moretti, E. ; Munar-Adrover, P. ; Neustroev, V. ; Nigro, C. ; Nilsson, K. ; Ninci, D. ; Nishijima, K. ; Noda, K. ; Nozaki, S. ; Ohtani, Y. ; Oka, T. ; Otero-Santos, J. ; Palatiello, M. ; Paneque, D. ; Paoletti, R. ; Paredes, J. M. ; Pavletić, L. ; Peñil, P. ; Perennes, C. ; Persic, M. ; Prada Moroni, P. G. ; Prandini, E. ; Priyadarshi, C. ; Puljak, I. ; Rhode, W. ; Ribó, M. ; Rico, J. ; Righi, C. ; Rugliancich, A. ; Saha, L. ; Sahakyan, N. ; Saito, T. ; Sakurai, S. ; Satalecka, K. ; Schleicher, B. ; Schmidt, K. ; Schweizer, T. ; Sitarek, J. ; Šnidarić, I. ; Sobczynska, D. ; Spolon, A. ; Stamerra, A. ; Strom, D. ; Strzys, M. ; Suda, Y. ; Surić, T. ; Takahashi, M. ; Tavecchio, F. ; Temnikov, P. ; Terzić, T. ; Teshima, M. ; Torres-Albà, N. ; Tosti, L. ; Truzzi, S. ; Van Scherpenberg, J. ; Vanzo, G. ; Vazquez Acosta, M. ; Ventura, S. ; Verguilov, V. ; Vigorito, C. F. ; Vitale, V. ; Vovk, I. ; Will, M. ; Zarić, D. ; Arbet-Engels, A. ; Baack, D. ; Balbo, M. ; Beck, M. ; Biederbeck, N. ; Biland, A. ; Bretz, T. ; Bruegge, K. ; Buss, J. ; Dorner, D. ; Elsaesser, D. ; Hildebrand, D. ; Iotov, R. ; Klinger, M. ; Mannheim, K. ; Neise, D. ; Neronov, A. ; Noethe, M. ; Paravac, A. ; Rhode, W. ; Schleicher, B. ; Sliusar, V. ; Theissen, F. ; Walter, R. ; Valverde, J. ; Horan, D. ; Giroletti, M. ; Perri, M. ; Verrecchia, F. ; Leto, C. ; Sadun, A. C. ; Moody, J. W. ; Joner, M. ; Marscher, A. P.
; Jorstad, S. G. ; Lähteenmäki, A. ; Tornikoski, M. ; Ramakrishnan, V. ; Järvelä, E. ; Vera, R. J.C. ; Righini, S. ; Lien, A. Y. /
Multiwavelength variability and correlation studies of Mrk 421 during historically low X-ray and γ-ray activity in 2015-2016. In:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2021 ; Vol. 504, No. 1. pp. 1427-1451.
BibTeX
@article{d240b6b24d4141a68716ba9fe7e50ace,
title = "Multiwavelength variability and correlation studies of Mrk 421 during historically low X-ray and γ-ray activity in 2015-2016",
abstract = "We report a characterization of the multiband flux variability and correlations of the nearby (z = 0.031) blazar Markarian 421 (Mrk 421) using data from Mets{\"a}hovi, Swift, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, FACT, and other collaborations and instruments from 2014 November till 2016 June. Mrk 421 did not show any prominent flaring activity, but exhibited periods of historically low activity above 1 TeV (F>1 TeV < 1.7 × 10-12 ph cm-2 s-1) and in the 2-10 keV (X-ray) band (F 2-10, keV< 3.6× 10-11 erg cm-2 s-1), during which the Swift-BAT data suggest an additional spectral component beyond the regular synchrotron emission. The highest flux variability occurs in X-rays and very high-energy (E > 0.1 TeV) γ-rays, which, despite the low activity, show a significant positive correlation with no time lag. The HRkeV and HRTeV show the harder-when-brighter trend observed in many blazars, but the trend flattens at the highest fluxes, which suggests a change in the processes dominating the blazar variability. Enlarging our data set with data from years 2007 to 2014, we measured a positive correlation between the optical and the GeV emission over a range of about 60 d centred at time lag zero, and a positive correlation between the optical/GeV and the radio emission over a range of about 60 d centred at a time lag of 43+9-6 d. This observation is consistent with the radio-bright zone being located about 0.2 parsec downstream from the optical/GeV emission regions of the jet. The flux distributions are better described with a lognormal function in most of the energy bands probed, indicating that the variability in Mrk 421 is likely produced by a multiplicative process. ",
keywords = "BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 421, galaxies: active, methods: data analysis, methods: observational, radiation mechanisms: non-thermal, LONG-TERM, MARKARIAN-421, TEV, CRAB-NEBULA, CONNECTION, BLAZARS, FREQUENCY, GALACTIC NUCLEI, SPECTRUM, EMISSION",
author = "Acciari, {V. A.} and S. Ansoldi and Antonelli, {L. A.} and K. Asano and A. Babi{\'c} and B. Banerjee and A. Baquero and {Barres De Almeida}, U. and Barrio, {J. A.} and {Becerra Gonz{\'a}lez}, J. and W. Bednarek and L. Bellizzi and E. Bernardini and M. Bernardos and A. Berti and J. Besenrieder and W. Bhattacharyya and C. Bigongiari and O. Blanch and G. Bonnoli and Z. Bo{\v s}njak and G. Busetto and R. Carosi and G. Ceribella and M. Cerruti and Y. Chai and A. Chilingarian and S. Cikota and Colak, {S. M.} and E. Colombo and Contreras, {J. L.} and J. Cortina and S. Covino and G. D'Amico and V. D'Elia and {Da Vela}, P. and F. Dazzi and {De Angelis}, A. and {De Lotto}, B. and M. Delfino and J. Delgado and {Delgado Mendez}, C. and D. Depaoli and {Di Girolamo}, T. and {Di Pierro}, F. and {Di Venere}, L. and {Do Souto Espi{\~n}eira}, E. and {Dominis Prester}, D. and A. Donini and M. Doro and {Fallah Ramazani}, V. and A. Fattorini and G. Ferrara and L. Foffano and Fonseca, {M. V.} and L. Font and C. Fruck and S. Fukami and {Garc{\'i}a L{\'o}pez}, {R. J.} and M. Garczarczyk and S. Gasparyan and M. Gaug and N. Giglietto and F. Giordano and P. Gliwny and N. Godinovi{\'c} and Green, {J. G.} and D. Green and D. Hadasch and A. Hahn and L. Heckmann and J. Herrera and J. Hoang and D. Hrupec and M. H{\"u}tten and T. Inada and S. Inoue and K. Ishio and Y. Iwamura and J. Jormanainen and L. Jouvin and Y. Kajiwara and M. Karjalainen and D. Kerszberg and Y. Kobayashi and H. Kubo and J. Kushida and A. Lamastra and D. Lelas and F. Leone and E. Lindfors and S. Lombardi and F. Longo and M. L{\'o}pez and R. L{\'o}pez-Coto and A. L{\'o}pez-Oramas and S. Loporchio and {MacHado De Oliveira Fraga}, B. and C. Maggio and P. Majumdar and M. Makariev and M. Mallamaci and G. Maneva and M. Manganaro and L. Maraschi and M. Mariotti and M. Mart{\'i}nez and D. Mazin and S. Mender and S. Mi{\'c}anovi{\'c} and D. Miceli and T. Miener and M. Minev and Miranda, {J. M.} and R. Mirzoyan and E. Molina and A. Moralejo and D. Morcuende and V. Moreno and E. Moretti and P. Munar-Adrover and V. Neustroev and C. Nigro and K. Nilsson and D. Ninci and K. Nishijima and K. Noda and S. Nozaki and Y. Ohtani and T. Oka and J. Otero-Santos and M. Palatiello and D. Paneque and R. Paoletti and Paredes, {J. M.} and L. Pavleti{\'c} and P. Pe{\~n}il and C. Perennes and M. Persic and {Prada Moroni}, {P. G.} and E. Prandini and C. Priyadarshi and I. Puljak and W. Rhode and M. Rib{\'o} and J. Rico and C. Righi and A. Rugliancich and L. Saha and N. Sahakyan and T. Saito and S. Sakurai and K. Satalecka and B. Schleicher and K. Schmidt and T. Schweizer and J. Sitarek and I. {\v S}nidari{\'c} and D. Sobczynska and A. Spolon and A. Stamerra and D. Strom and M. Strzys and Y. Suda and T. Suri{\'c} and M. Takahashi and F. Tavecchio and P. Temnikov and T. Terzi{\'c} and M. Teshima and N. Torres-Alb{\`a} and L. Tosti and S. Truzzi and {Van Scherpenberg}, J. and G. Vanzo and {Vazquez Acosta}, M. and S. Ventura and V. Verguilov and Vigorito, {C. F.} and V. Vitale and I. Vovk and M. Will and D. Zari{\'c} and A. Arbet-Engels and D. Baack and M. Balbo and M. Beck and N. Biederbeck and A. Biland and T. Bretz and K. Bruegge and J. Buss and D. Dorner and D. Elsaesser and D. Hildebrand and R. Iotov and M. Klinger and K. Mannheim and D. Neise and A. Neronov and M. Noethe and A. Paravac and W. Rhode and B. Schleicher and V. Sliusar and F. Theissen and R. Walter and J. Valverde and D. Horan and M. Giroletti and M. Perri and F. Verrecchia and C. Leto and Sadun, {A. C.} and Moody, {J. W.} and M. Joner and Marscher, {A. P.} and Jorstad, {S. G.} and A. L{\"a}hteenm{\"a}ki and M. Tornikoski and V. Ramakrishnan and E. J{\"a}rvel{\"a} and Vera, {R. J.C.} and S. Righini and Lien, {A. Y.}",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society.",
year = "2021",
month = jun,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1093/mnras/staa3727",
language = "English",
volume = "504",
pages = "1427--1451",
journal = "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society",
issn = "0035-8711",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "1",
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
T1 - Multiwavelength variability and correlation studies of Mrk 421 during historically low X-ray and γ-ray activity in 2015-2016
AU - Acciari, V. A.
AU - Ansoldi, S.
AU - Antonelli, L. A.
AU - Asano, K.
AU - Babić, A.
AU - Banerjee, B.
AU - Baquero, A.
AU - Barres De Almeida, U.
AU - Barrio, J. A.
AU - Becerra González, J.
AU - Bednarek, W.
AU - Bellizzi, L.
AU - Bernardini, E.
AU - Bernardos, M.
AU - Berti, A.
AU - Besenrieder, J.
AU - Bhattacharyya, W.
AU - Bigongiari, C.
AU - Blanch, O.
AU - Bonnoli, G.
AU - Bošnjak, Z.
AU - Busetto, G.
AU - Carosi, R.
AU - Ceribella, G.
AU - Cerruti, M.
AU - Chai, Y.
AU - Chilingarian, A.
AU - Cikota, S.
AU - Colak, S. M.
AU - Colombo, E.
AU - Contreras, J. L.
AU - Cortina, J.
AU - Covino, S.
AU - D'Amico, G.
AU - D'Elia, V.
AU - Da Vela, P.
AU - Dazzi, F.
AU - De Angelis, A.
AU - De Lotto, B.
AU - Delfino, M.
AU - Delgado, J.
AU - Delgado Mendez, C.
AU - Depaoli, D.
AU - Di Girolamo, T.
AU - Di Pierro, F.
AU - Di Venere, L.
AU - Do Souto Espiñeira, E.
AU - Dominis Prester, D.
AU - Donini, A.
AU - Doro, M.
AU - Fallah Ramazani, V.
AU - Fattorini, A.
AU - Ferrara, G.
AU - Foffano, L.
AU - Fonseca, M. V.
AU - Font, L.
AU - Fruck, C.
AU - Fukami, S.
AU - García López, R. J.
AU - Garczarczyk, M.
AU - Gasparyan, S.
AU - Gaug, M.
AU - Giglietto, N.
AU - Giordano, F.
AU - Gliwny, P.
AU - Godinović, N.
AU - Green, J. G.
AU - Green, D.
AU - Hadasch, D.
AU - Hahn, A.
AU - Heckmann, L.
AU - Herrera, J.
AU - Hoang, J.
AU - Hrupec, D.
AU - Hütten, M.
AU - Inada, T.
AU - Inoue, S.
AU - Ishio, K.
AU - Iwamura, Y.
AU - Jormanainen, J.
AU - Jouvin, L.
AU - Kajiwara, Y.
AU - Karjalainen, M.
AU - Kerszberg, D.
AU - Kobayashi, Y.
AU - Kubo, H.
AU - Kushida, J.
AU - Lamastra, A.
AU - Lelas, D.
AU - Leone, F.
AU - Lindfors, E.
AU - Lombardi, S.
AU - Longo, F.
AU - López, M.
AU - López-Coto, R.
AU - López-Oramas, A.
AU - Loporchio, S.
AU - MacHado De Oliveira Fraga, B.
AU - Maggio, C.
AU - Majumdar, P.
AU - Makariev, M.
AU - Mallamaci, M.
AU - Maneva, G.
AU - Manganaro, M.
AU - Maraschi, L.
AU - Mariotti, M.
AU - Martínez, M.
AU - Mazin, D.
AU - Mender, S.
AU - Mićanović, S.
AU - Miceli, D.
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N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society.
PY - 2021/6/1
Y1 - 2021/6/1
N2 - We report a characterization of the multiband flux variability and correlations of the nearby (z = 0.031) blazar Markarian 421 (Mrk 421) using data from Metsähovi, Swift, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, FACT, and other collaborations and instruments from 2014 November till 2016 June. Mrk 421 did not show any prominent flaring activity, but exhibited periods of historically low activity above 1 TeV (F>1 TeV < 1.7 × 10-12 ph cm-2 s-1) and in the 2-10 keV (X-ray) band (F 2-10, keV< 3.6× 10-11 erg cm-2 s-1), during which the Swift-BAT data suggest an additional spectral component beyond the regular synchrotron emission. The highest flux variability occurs in X-rays and very high-energy (E > 0.1 TeV) γ-rays, which, despite the low activity, show a significant positive correlation with no time lag. The HRkeV and HRTeV show the harder-when-brighter trend observed in many blazars, but the trend flattens at the highest fluxes, which suggests a change in the processes dominating the blazar variability. Enlarging our data set with data from years 2007 to 2014, we measured a positive correlation between the optical and the GeV emission over a range of about 60 d centred at time lag zero, and a positive correlation between the optical/GeV and the radio emission over a range of about 60 d centred at a time lag of 43+9-6 d. This observation is consistent with the radio-bright zone being located about 0.2 parsec downstream from the optical/GeV emission regions of the jet. The flux distributions are better described with a lognormal function in most of the energy bands probed, indicating that the variability in Mrk 421 is likely produced by a multiplicative process.
AB - We report a characterization of the multiband flux variability and correlations of the nearby (z = 0.031) blazar Markarian 421 (Mrk 421) using data from Metsähovi, Swift, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, FACT, and other collaborations and instruments from 2014 November till 2016 June. Mrk 421 did not show any prominent flaring activity, but exhibited periods of historically low activity above 1 TeV (F>1 TeV < 1.7 × 10-12 ph cm-2 s-1) and in the 2-10 keV (X-ray) band (F 2-10, keV< 3.6× 10-11 erg cm-2 s-1), during which the Swift-BAT data suggest an additional spectral component beyond the regular synchrotron emission. The highest flux variability occurs in X-rays and very high-energy (E > 0.1 TeV) γ-rays, which, despite the low activity, show a significant positive correlation with no time lag. The HRkeV and HRTeV show the harder-when-brighter trend observed in many blazars, but the trend flattens at the highest fluxes, which suggests a change in the processes dominating the blazar variability. Enlarging our data set with data from years 2007 to 2014, we measured a positive correlation between the optical and the GeV emission over a range of about 60 d centred at time lag zero, and a positive correlation between the optical/GeV and the radio emission over a range of about 60 d centred at a time lag of 43+9-6 d. This observation is consistent with the radio-bright zone being located about 0.2 parsec downstream from the optical/GeV emission regions of the jet. The flux distributions are better described with a lognormal function in most of the energy bands probed, indicating that the variability in Mrk 421 is likely produced by a multiplicative process.
KW - BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 421
KW - galaxies: active
KW - methods: data analysis
KW - methods: observational
KW - radiation mechanisms: non-thermal
KW - LONG-TERM
KW - MARKARIAN-421
KW - TEV
KW - CRAB-NEBULA
KW - CONNECTION
KW - BLAZARS
KW - FREQUENCY
KW - GALACTIC NUCLEI
KW - SPECTRUM
KW - EMISSION
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85107947535&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1093/mnras/staa3727
DO - 10.1093/mnras/staa3727
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85107947535
VL - 504
SP - 1427
EP - 1451
JO - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
JF - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
SN - 0035-8711
IS - 1
ER -
