DOI

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  • S. Ansoldi
  • L. A. Antonelli
  • K. Asano
  • A. Babić
  • B. Banerjee
  • A. Baquero
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  • J. Becerra González
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  • C. Bigongiari
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  • G. Busetto
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  • S. Cikota
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  • J. L. Contreras
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  • B. De Lotto
  • M. Delfino
  • J. Delgado
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  • D. Depaoli
  • T. Di Girolamo
  • F. Di Pierro
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  • E. Do Souto Espiñeira
  • D. Dominis Prester
  • A. Donini
  • M. Doro
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  • M. Joner
  • A. P. Marscher
  • A. Lähteenmäki
  • M. Tornikoski
  • V. Ramakrishnan
  • E. Järvelä
  • R. J.C. Vera
  • S. Righini
  • A. Y. Lien

We report a characterization of the multiband flux variability and correlations of the nearby (z = 0.031) blazar Markarian 421 (Mrk 421) using data from Metsähovi, Swift, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, FACT, and other collaborations and instruments from 2014 November till 2016 June. Mrk 421 did not show any prominent flaring activity, but exhibited periods of historically low activity above 1 TeV (F>1 TeV < 1.7 × 10-12 ph cm-2 s-1) and in the 2-10 keV (X-ray) band (F 2-10, keV< 3.6× 10-11 erg cm-2 s-1), during which the Swift-BAT data suggest an additional spectral component beyond the regular synchrotron emission. The highest flux variability occurs in X-rays and very high-energy (E > 0.1 TeV) γ-rays, which, despite the low activity, show a significant positive correlation with no time lag. The HRkeV and HRTeV show the harder-when-brighter trend observed in many blazars, but the trend flattens at the highest fluxes, which suggests a change in the processes dominating the blazar variability. Enlarging our data set with data from years 2007 to 2014, we measured a positive correlation between the optical and the GeV emission over a range of about 60 d centred at time lag zero, and a positive correlation between the optical/GeV and the radio emission over a range of about 60 d centred at a time lag of 43+9-6 d. This observation is consistent with the radio-bright zone being located about 0.2 parsec downstream from the optical/GeV emission regions of the jet. The flux distributions are better described with a lognormal function in most of the energy bands probed, indicating that the variability in Mrk 421 is likely produced by a multiplicative process.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1427-1451
Number of pages25
JournalMonthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume504
Issue number1
DOIs
StatePublished - 1 Jun 2021

    Research areas

  • BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 421, galaxies: active, methods: data analysis, methods: observational, radiation mechanisms: non-thermal, LONG-TERM, MARKARIAN-421, TEV, CRAB-NEBULA, CONNECTION, BLAZARS, FREQUENCY, GALACTIC NUCLEI, SPECTRUM, EMISSION

    Scopus subject areas

  • Astronomy and Astrophysics
  • Space and Planetary Science

ID: 86459275