Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
Justice of the Russian Empire in Bessarabia in the late 19th and early 20th century: adaptation to diversity. / Verniaev, I.I.
In: Rusin, Vol. 74, 2023, p. 109-132.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Justice of the Russian Empire in Bessarabia in the late 19th and early 20th century: adaptation to diversity
AU - Verniaev, I.I.
N1 - Export Date: 11 March 2024 Адрес для корреспонденции: Verniaev, I.I.; St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Embankment, Russian Federation; эл. почта: i.verniaev@spbu.ru Сведения о финансировании: Russian Science Foundation, RSF Текст о финансировании 1: This research was supported by Grant N 23-18-00268 (“Justice in the system of security maintenance and in the processes of integrating the periphery regions of the Russian empire (the 18 – early 20 centuries)” from the Russian Science Foundation, https://rscf.ru/en/project/23-18-00268/ realized in Tymen State University. Текст о финансировании 2: *This research was supported by Grant N 23-18-00268 (“Justice in the system of security maintenance and in the processes of integrating the periphery regions of the Russian empire (the 18 – early 20 centuries)” from the Russian Science Foundation, https://rscf. ru/en/project/23-18-00268/ realized in Tymen State University. Пристатейные ссылки: Borshevskiy, A.P., (2011) Zashchita prav evreyskogo naseleniya Bessarabii vo vtoroy polovine XIX veka: mirovoy sud [The protection of rights of the Jewish population in Bessarabia in the second half of the 19th century: Justice of the Peace courts], , Боршевский А. Защита прав еврейского населения Бессарабии во второй половине XIX века: мировой суд. Chişinău: Institutul pentru Democraţie, 2011. 320 с. 1. Chişinău: Institutul pentru Democraţie; Боршевский, А., Мировые суды Бессарабии как механизм сохранения культурного наследия // Păstrarea patrimoniului cultural în Ţările Europene. Chişinău: Business-Еlita, 2009. P. 306–308. 2. Borshevskiy, A. (2009) Mirovye sudy Bessarabii kak mekhanizm sokhraneniya kul’turnogo naslediya [Justice of the Peace courts of Bessarabia as a mechanism for preserving cultural heritage] Păstrarea patrimoniului cultural în Ţările Europene. Chişinău: Business-Elita. 306–308 (In Russian); Mytsa, O., Primenenie mestnykh zakonov i obychaev mirovymi sudami Bessarabii v grazhdanskom protsesse (60–70-e gody XIX v.) [Application of local laws and customs by Justice of the Peace courts in Bessarabia during civil proceedings (1860s–1870s) (2009) Mirovoy sud’ya, (4), pp. 2-5. , Боршевский А., Мыца О. Применение местных законов и обычаев мировыми судами Бессарабии в гражданском процессе (60–70-е годы XIX в) Мировой судья. 2009. 4. C. 2–5. 3.Borshevskiy,A]. (In Russian); Budak, I.G., (1961) Burzhuaznye reformy 60–70-kh gg. XIX v. v Bessarabii [Bourgeois reforms of the 1860s – 1870s in Bessarabia], , Будак И.Г. Буржуазные реформы 60–70-х гг. XIX века в Бессарабии. Кишинёв: Картя Молдовеняскэ, 1961. 219 с. 4. Chișinău: Cartea Moldovenească; Vedomost’ o deyatel’nosti sudebnykh pristavov pri Kishinevskom s”ezde mirovykh sudey s 1 yanvarya 1870 goda po 1 iyulya 1872 goda (1872) [Statement on the activities of bailiffs at the Chișinău Congress of Magistrates from January 1, 1870 to July 1, 1872] Bessarabskie oblastnye vedomosti, 78, p. 440. , Ведомость о деятельности судебных приставов при Кишинёвском съезде мировых судей с 1 января 1870 года по 1 июля 1872 года Бессарабские областные ведомости. 1872. 78. С. 440. 5; (1889) Prilozhenie k spisku chinov vedomstva Ministerstva yustitsii 1889 goda [Statement on the educational qualification of persons of the judicial department. Appendix to the list of ranks of the Department of the Ministry of Justice of 1889], p. 324. , Ведомость об образовательном цензе лиц судебного ведомства. Приложение к списку чинов ведомства Министерства юстиции 1889 года. СПб.: Правительствующий Сенат, 1889. 324 с. 6. Vedomost ob obrazovatel’nom tsenze lits sudebnogo vedomstva. St. Petersburg: Senate; Verniaev, I.I., Adaptatsiya mirovoy yustitsii Rossiyskoy imperii na Yuzhnom Kavkaze [Adaptation of Imperial Jurisdiction of Magistrates’ courts in Transcaucasia (2019) Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 64 (4), pp. 1240-1256. , Верняев И.И. Адаптация мировой юстиции Российской империи на Южном Кавказе Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. История. 2019. 4. С. 1240–1256. 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2019.405 7]. (In Russian); Verniaev, I.I., Professionalizatsiya, demokratizatsiya i «korenizatsiya» korpusa mirovykh sudey Yugo-Zapadnogo kraya v pozdneimperskoy Rossii [Professionalization, Democratization, and Nativization of the Justice of the Peace Corps in the South-Western Provinces in the Late Imperial Russia (2021) Bylye Gody, 16 (4), pp. 1835-1848. , Верняев И.И. Профессионализация, демократизация и «коренизация корпуса мировых судей Юго-Западного края в позднеимперской России Былые годы. 2021. 16 (4). С. 1835–1848. 10.13187/bg.2021.4.1835 8]. (In Russian); Tretiy sozyv. Stenograficheskie otchety. 1909 g. Zasedaniya 1–32 (1910) [The State Duma. Third convocation. Verbatim records. 1909. Sessions 1–32], , Государственная Дума. Третий созыв. Стенографические отчеты. 1909 г. Заседания 1–32. СПб.: Государственная типография, 1910. 3796 стб. 9. Gosudarstvennaya Duma. St. Petersburg: State Printing House. 3796; Gotlib, I., (1870) Bessarabskie oblastnye vedomosti, 56 (56), p. 211. , Готлиб И. Лже-адвокаты Бессарабские областные ведомости. С. 211. 10. (1870) Lzhe-advokaty Лже-адвокаты [Pseudo-lawyers]; Grossman, S.M., (1904) MestnyezakonyBessarabii[Local laws of Bessarabia], , Гроссман С.М. Местные законы Бессарабии. СПб.: Тип. А.Г. Розена., 1904. 429 с. 11. St. Petersburg: A.G. Rosen; Доклад Председателя Оргеевского съезда мировых судей Оргеевскому 4-му очередному Земскому Собранию // Сборник Бессарабского земства. 1874. № 3. С. 27–41 12. Doklad Predsedatelya Orgeevskogo s”ezda mirovykh sudey Orgeevskomu 4-mu ocherednomu Zemskomu Sobraniyu (1874) [Report of the Chairman of the St. George Congress of Magistrates to the Orhei 4th Regular Zemstvo Assembly] Sbornik Bessarabskogo zemstva, 3, pp. 27-41; Egunov, A.N., (1881) Mestnye grazhdanskie zakony Bessarabii [Local civil laws of Bessarabia], , Егунов А.Н. Местные гражданские законы Бессарабии. СПб.: Тип. М. Эттингера, 1881. 255 с. 13. St. Petersburg: M. Ettinger; Kiriyak, K., Ob”yasnitel’naya zapiska k otchetnym vedomostyam o deyatel’nosti Kishinevskogo sudebno-mirovogo okruga s yanvarya 1870 po 1 iyulya 1872 g. [Explanatory note to the accounting statements on the activities of the Chișinău Judicial and Justices of the Peace District, from January 1870 to July 1, 1872 (1872) Bessarabskie oblastnye vedomosti, 78, p. 440. , Кирияк К. Объяснительная записка к отчетным ведомостям о деятельности Кишинёвского судебно-мирового округа с января 1870 по 1 июля 1872 г. Бессарабские областные ведомости. 1872. 78. С. 440. 14]; (1870) Bessarabskie oblastnye vedomosti, 21 (21), p. 72. , Кишинёв, 14 марта Бессарабские областные ведомости. 1870. С. 72. 15. Chișinău. March 14 [Chișinău, March 14]; Kolychev, A.A., (1912) Kassatsionnaya praktika Pravitel’stvuyushchego senata po gorodskim i zemskim delam [Cassation practice of the Governing Senate on City and Zemstvo Affairs], , Колычев А.А. Кассационная практика Правительствующего сената по городским и земским делам. СПб.: Земское дело, 1912. 676 с. 16. St. Petersburg: Zemstvo affairs; Kustryabova, S., Zakhariya, S.K., Vvedenie v Bessarabskoy oblasti Sudebnykh Ustavov Aleksandra II 1864 g. i ikh vliyanie na sudoustroystvo kraya. Otsenki dannykh protsessov v istochnikakh i literature [Introduction of the Judicial Statutes of Alexander II in Bessarabia in 1864 and their impact on the judicial system of the region: assessments in sources and historiography (2002) Probleme ale ştiinţelor socio-umane şi modernizării învăţămîntului, II. , Кустрябова С., Захария С.К. Введение в Бессарабской области Судебных Уставов Александра II 1864 г. и их влияние на судоустройство края. Оценки данных процессов в источниках и литературе Probleme ale ştiinţelor socio-umane şi modernizării învăţămîntului. II. Chişinău, 2002. 17] Chişinău, 2002 (In Russian); Medushevskiy, A.N., (2005) Proekty agrarnykh reform v Rossii: XVIII – nachalo XXI veka [Agrarian reform projects in Russia: 18 th – the beginning of the 21th century], , Медушевский А.Н. Проекты аграрных реформ в России: XVIII начало XXI века. М: Наука, 2005. 638 с. 18. Moscow: Nauka; O deyatel’nosti mirovykh sudey i sudebno-mirovogo s”ezda za vremya s 1 yanvarya 1876 goda po 1 yanvarya 1877 goda (1878) [On the activities of Justices of the Peace and the Judicial Congress during the period from January 1, 1876 to January 1, 1877] Sbornik Bessarabskogo zemstva, 4, pp. 34-37. , О деятельности мировых судей и судебно-мирового съезда за время с 1 января 1876 года по 1 января 1877 года Сборник Бессарабского земства. 1878. 4. С. 34–37. 19; Об избрании участкового мирового судьи // Вестник Бессарабского земства. 1884. № 11. С. 353–355. 20. Ob izbranii uchastkovogo mirovogo sud’I (1884) [On the election of a district magistrate] Vestnik Bessarabskogo zemstva, , 11. 353–355; Otchet Orgeevskoy uezdnoy upravy o deystviyakh i rasporyazheniyakh ee za vremya s 1 oktyabrya 1877 goda po 1 oktyabrya 1878 goda (1879) [Report of the Orhei County Council on its actions and orders for the period from October 1, 1877 to October 1, 1878] Sbornik Bessarabskogo zemstva, 3, pp. 22-24. , Отчет Оргеевской уездной управы о действиях и распоряжениях её за время с 1 октября 1877 года по 1 октября 1878 года Сборник Бессарабского земства. 1879. 3. С. 22–24 21; Pervaya Vseobshchaya perepis’ naseleniya Rossiyskoy Imperii 1897 g. (1905) [The First General Census of the Russian Empire in 1897], , Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи, 1897 г. III. Бессарабская губерния. СПб.: ЦСК МВД, 1905. 254 с. 22. St. Petersburg: Central Statistical Committee; Popp, I.A., (2011) Mirovoy sud v Permskoy gubernii [The Magistrate’s Court in the Perm province], , Попп И.А. Мировой суд в Пермской губернии. Екатеринбург: Банк культурной информации, 2011. 370 с. 23. Yekaterinburg: Bank of Cultural Information; Ravvich, M.B., (1893) Sbornik senatskikh raz”yasneniy po voprosu mestnykh zakonov Bessarabii [Collection of Senate explanations on the issue of local laws of Bessarabia], , Раввич М.Б. Сборник сенатских разъяснений по вопросу местных законов Бессарабии. Кишинёв: Тип. Э. Шлиомовича, 1893. 80 с. 24. Chișinău: E. Shliomovich; РГИА (Российский государственный исторический архив). Ф. 1405. Оп. 544. Д. 7649. 25. RGIA (Russian State Historical Archive). F. 1405. Op. 544. d. 7649; РГИА. Ф. 1405. Оп. 545. Д. 14502. 26. RGIA. Ф. 1405. Op. 545. d. 14502; Resheniya Grazhdanskogo kassatsionnogo departamenta Senata za 1900 g. (1911) [Decisions of the Civil Cassation Department of the Senate for the Year 1900, , Решения Гражданского кассационного департамента Сената за 1900 г. Екатеринослав: Тип. И. Когана, 1911. 273 с. 27]. Ekaterinoslav: Printing House of I. Kogan; (1890) Collection of statistical data of the Ministry of Justice. Issue 5. Appendices], , Сборник статистических сведений Министерства юстиции. Вып. 5. Приложения. СПб.: Правительствующий Сенат, 1890. 27 с. 28. Sbornik statisticheskikh svedeniy Ministerstva yustitsii. Vyp. 5. Prilozheniya [St. Petersburg: Senate; Obzor deyatel’nosti sudebno-mirovykh ustanovleniy za 1884 i 1885 gody (1887) [Collection of statistical data of the Ministry of Justice. Supplement to the first issue. Review of the activities of judicial and the Justice of the Peace institutions for 1884 and 1885], , Сборник статистических сведений Министерства юстиции. Дополнение к первому выпуску. Обзор деятельности судебно-мировых установлений за 1884 и 1885 годы. СПб.: Правительствующий Сенат, 1887. 269 с. 29. Sbornik statisticheskikh svedeniy Ministerstva yustitsii. Dopolnenie k pervomu vypusku. St. Petersburg: Senate; Soroka, P.P., (1878) Geografiya Bessarabskoy gubernii [Geography of the Bessarabian province], , Сорока П.П. География Бессарабской губернии: Кишинёв: Тип. А. Попова, 1878. 175 с. 30. Chișinău: A. Popov; Spisok chinam vedomstva Ministerstva yustitsii. Ch. 2 (1889) [List of personnel of the Ministry of Justice. 1889. Part 2], , Список чинам ведомства Министерства юстиции. 1889. Ч. 2. СПб.: Правительствующий Сенат, 1889. 31. St. Petersburg: Senate. 1; Spisok chinam vedomstva Ministerstva yustitsii. Ch. 3 (1891) [List of personnel of the Ministry of Justice. 1891. Part 3], , Список чинам ведомства Министерства юстиции. 1891. Ч. 3. СПб.: Правительствующий Сенат, 1891. 32. St. Petersburg: Senate; (1973) Bessarabskiy adres-kalendar’, pp. 116-131. , Судебно-мировые учреждения Бессарабский адрес-календарь на 1973 год. Кишинёв: Областное правление, 1873. С. 116–131. 33. Sudebno-mirovye uchrezhdeniya [The Justice of the Peace institutions]. 1973. Chișinău: Regional Board; Sulyak, S.G., Rusiny Bessarabii v XIX – nachale XX v.: k probleme chislennosti [The Rusins of Bessarabia in the 19th - beginning of the 20th Centuries: the Question of Numbers] (2015) Rusin, 39 (1), pp. 95-115. , Суляк С.Г. Русины Бессарабии в XIX начале XX в.: к проблеме численности Русин. 2015. (1) 39. С. 95–115. 10.17223/18572685/39/7 34. (In Russian); Suruchan, D.D., K voprosu o razrushenii rezeshskogo zemlevladeniya v Bessarabii [On the question of the destruction of Rezesh land ownership in Bessarabia (1888) Novorossiyskiy telegraf, p. 4015. , Суручан Д.Д. К вопросу о разрушении резешского землевладения в Бессарабии Новороссийский телеграф. 1888. 4015. 35]; Tyutryumov, I.M., (1913) Zakony grazhdanskie s raz”yasneniem Pravitel’stvuyushchego Senata i kommentariyami russkikh yuristov [Civil laws with explanations of the Governing Senate and comments of Russian lawyers], , Тютрюмов И.М. Законы гражданские с разъяснением Правительствующего Сената и комментариями русских юристов. СПб.: Законоведение, 1913. 1906 с. 36. St. Petersburg: Legal studies, 1913; Shatkovskaya, T.V., (2009) Obychnoe pravo rossiyskikh krest’yan vtoroy poloviny XIX – nachala XX veka [The customary law of Russian peasants of the second half of the 19th – early 20th century], , Шатковская Т.В. Обычное право российских крестьян второй половины XIX начала XX века. Ростов н/Д: Южный федеральный университет, 2009. 616 с. 37. 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(ed) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Burbank, J., (2004) Russian Peasants Go to Court: Legal Culture in the Countryside, 1905–1917, , Bloomington: Indiana University Press; Kirmse, S., (2019) The Lawful Empire. Legal Change and Cultural Diversity in Late Tsarist Russia, , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Neuberger, J., Popular Legal Cultures: The St. Petersburg Mirovoi Sud (1994) Russia’s Great Reforms, pp. 1855-1881. , Eklof, B.; Bushnell J.; Zakharova, L. (Eds) Bloomington: Indiana University Press; Pearson, Th, Russian Law and Rural Justice: Activity and Problems of the Russian Justices of the Peace, 1865–1889 (1984) Jahrbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas, 32 (1), pp. 52-71
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - Discussions continue regarding the extent to which the judicial reform of 1864 was successful. Some researchers argue that the reform failed, citing the mismatch of the new unified system with the multicultural context. Less represented in historiography are opinions on the relative success of the reform and the mutual adaptation of the new judicial system and local communities. These historiographical positions are examined using materials from the Bessarabian Governorate. Analysis of diverse data led to the conclusion regarding the relative success of the judicial reform in Bessarabia. Key directions and factors of mutual adaptation of post-reform justice (mainly magistrate courts) and the region’s population have been identified. The combination of regional stability in the judiciary, the local origin of most judges, and their high professional level facilitated this societal process. Honorary magistrate judges played a special role, representing both the Bessarabian elite and other ethno-social groups. Legalized local Bessarabian law continued to occupy a significant place in post-reform justice practice. Special attention is given to the mediating role of the extrajudicial environment in accommodating imperial justice (bureaucrats, translators, official and unofficial lawyers, judicial consultants and others). Statistics of civil cases are considered as a criterion for the level of mutual adaptation of the new justice and the population of Bessarabia. The conclusion is drawn about the exceptional judicial-civil activity of the region’s residents with different social and ethno-confessional affiliations. © 2023 Association 'Rus'. All rights reserved.
AB - Discussions continue regarding the extent to which the judicial reform of 1864 was successful. Some researchers argue that the reform failed, citing the mismatch of the new unified system with the multicultural context. Less represented in historiography are opinions on the relative success of the reform and the mutual adaptation of the new judicial system and local communities. These historiographical positions are examined using materials from the Bessarabian Governorate. Analysis of diverse data led to the conclusion regarding the relative success of the judicial reform in Bessarabia. Key directions and factors of mutual adaptation of post-reform justice (mainly magistrate courts) and the region’s population have been identified. The combination of regional stability in the judiciary, the local origin of most judges, and their high professional level facilitated this societal process. Honorary magistrate judges played a special role, representing both the Bessarabian elite and other ethno-social groups. Legalized local Bessarabian law continued to occupy a significant place in post-reform justice practice. Special attention is given to the mediating role of the extrajudicial environment in accommodating imperial justice (bureaucrats, translators, official and unofficial lawyers, judicial consultants and others). Statistics of civil cases are considered as a criterion for the level of mutual adaptation of the new justice and the population of Bessarabia. The conclusion is drawn about the exceptional judicial-civil activity of the region’s residents with different social and ethno-confessional affiliations. © 2023 Association 'Rus'. All rights reserved.
KW - Bessarabia
KW - extrajudicial intermediaries
KW - judicial activity
KW - judiciary
KW - local law
KW - magistrate courts
KW - post-reform judicial system
KW - regional adaptation
KW - Russian Empire
U2 - 10.17223/18572685/74/5
DO - 10.17223/18572685/74/5
M3 - статья
VL - 74
SP - 109
EP - 132
JO - РУСИН
JF - РУСИН
SN - 1857-2685
ER -
ID: 117488381