TY - JOUR

T1 - Group autozooidal behaviour and chimneys in marine bryozoans

AU - Shunatova, N. N.

AU - Ostrovsky, A. N.

N1 - Funding Information: Acknowledgements We are greatly indebted to Professor Dr. C. Nielsen, Dr. M.E. Petersen and H. Espersen, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, and Dr. M. Spencer Jones, The Natural History Museum, London, for kind help with literature. Sincere thanks are given to N.V. Lentsman, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, for her assistance with translating. We would like to express our gratitude to the staff of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University: Dr. A.A. Dobrovolsky, Dr. A.V. Grischankov and E.L. Yakovis for discussion, S.V. Bagrov and P.P. Strelkov for their help in collecting bryozoans, I.I. Antipenko for assistance with drawings. The staff of the Algology Laboratory, Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, is acknowledged for hospitality and help in many ways. Our thanks go to Drs. W.G. Sanderson, M.A. Best and J.P. Thorpe, Department of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Liverpool, Port Erin Marine Laboratory, for an unpublished review on bryozoan feeding. We are grateful to Dr. F.K. McKinney, Appalachian State University, Professor Dr. R.N. Hughes, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, and Dr. P.D. Taylor, The Natural History Museum, London, for reading and criticizing earlier drafts of the manuscript, for useful comments and much encouragement. A.N. Ostrovsky thanks the Danish Ministry of Education for a post-doctoral stipend which made the work in the library of the University of Copenhagen possible. The Otto Kinne Foundation is acknowledged for financial support.

PY - 2002

Y1 - 2002

N2 - Marine bryozoans have a variety of behavioural reactions that are associated with different functions: feeding, cleaning, removal of filtered water, gamete release, avoidance reactions and, probably, sensation. Coordinated activities of polypides are regulated neurophysiologically, physiologically, structurally and, possibly, hormonally. Several group reactions are supposedly non-coordinated. Group autozooidal reactions and different types of colonial behaviour were observed and recorded for 17 bryozoan species and subspecies from the White and Barents Seas. Three local collective reactions (synchronised scanning, repeated particle transfer by circular water currents, and feeding and cleaning of the colony surface by "chains" of inclined lophophores) are described for the first time. The formation of water outlets (chimneys) was observed in four species with encrusting colonies. A new type of chimney was discovered in large colonies of Tegella armifera, in which chimneys are formed by temporary retraction of 10-12 neighbouring polypides. The space thus formed is surrounded by equitentacled lophophores standing vertically. Chimneys associated with elevated areas on the colony surface (monticules) were found in two species. In contrast to all previously published speculations and observations, the monticules were often places of incurrent rather than excurrent flow, and water outlets were formed in depressions between monticules. In Schizomavella lineata, monticules change their function from incurrent to excurrent after polypide degeneration. Conditions for the origin of various types of water outlets are discussed.

AB - Marine bryozoans have a variety of behavioural reactions that are associated with different functions: feeding, cleaning, removal of filtered water, gamete release, avoidance reactions and, probably, sensation. Coordinated activities of polypides are regulated neurophysiologically, physiologically, structurally and, possibly, hormonally. Several group reactions are supposedly non-coordinated. Group autozooidal reactions and different types of colonial behaviour were observed and recorded for 17 bryozoan species and subspecies from the White and Barents Seas. Three local collective reactions (synchronised scanning, repeated particle transfer by circular water currents, and feeding and cleaning of the colony surface by "chains" of inclined lophophores) are described for the first time. The formation of water outlets (chimneys) was observed in four species with encrusting colonies. A new type of chimney was discovered in large colonies of Tegella armifera, in which chimneys are formed by temporary retraction of 10-12 neighbouring polypides. The space thus formed is surrounded by equitentacled lophophores standing vertically. Chimneys associated with elevated areas on the colony surface (monticules) were found in two species. In contrast to all previously published speculations and observations, the monticules were often places of incurrent rather than excurrent flow, and water outlets were formed in depressions between monticules. In Schizomavella lineata, monticules change their function from incurrent to excurrent after polypide degeneration. Conditions for the origin of various types of water outlets are discussed.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0036941236&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1007/s00227-001-0732-2

DO - 10.1007/s00227-001-0732-2

M3 - Article

VL - 140

SP - 503

EP - 518

JO - Marine Biology

JF - Marine Biology

SN - 0025-3162

IS - 3

ER -