This review addresses progress in the radionuclide diagnosis of oncological diseases using radiopharmaceutical preparations (RPP) based on labeled glucose derivatives. Most attention is paid to 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (F-18-FDG), a glucose analog labeled with fluorine-18 (T (1/2) = 110 min) and the only radiotracer for glycolysis, which is used in 90% of clinical studies using positron emission tomography (PET). We describe approaches to the synthesis of F-18-FDG and state-of-the-art automated technologies allowing tens of clinical doses of RPP for PET investigations of patients to be prepared. The main areas of use of PET with F-18-FDG in the diagnosis of various tumors are discussed, as is the potential for using glucose derivatives with other radionuclides (Ga-68, I-123, Tc-99m, Re-188) as tracers for use in PET and SPECT diagnosis.