The article provides an overview of the new method of strength training, hypoxic strength training (KAATSU Training), pioneered by Japanese scientist Yoshiaki Sato in 70s in 20th century. This type of training allows to raise the level of skeletal muscle strength in a short period of time, or to prevent the muscle atrophy, which is very important in medical and sports rehabilitation of athletes after injury. The authors have described the main aims and objectives of hypoxic strength training, special aspects of it’s methodology, the results of it’s application, the underlying mechanisms of the effects of hypoxic strength training on human skeletal muscles, have analyzed the main achievements of domestic and foreign scientists in the field.