Analysis of the epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation for the period 2022–2024 indicates the significance of neuro-infections in the structure of childhood morbidity, with up to 78% occurring in children under 6 years of age. An increase in the incidence of meningococcal infection among the population is noted, along with persistently high mortality rates in purulent meningitis – from 15 to 30%, despite the fact that >80% of such conditions are currently vaccine-preventable. Severe damage to the brain parenchyma, the diversity of the etiological spectrum with a predominance of herpesviruses, and an increase in the frequency of chronic disease course up to 25% reflect the features of encephalitis in children. Concurrently, a steady increase in enteroviral infections is observed, with children under 17 years accounting for up to 90% of all cases, as well as an increase in the number of group outbreaks with fecal-oral transmission mechanism. Vector-borne diseases such as ixodid tick-borne borreliosis and tick-borne viral encephalitis, which are prone to chronic course, cause particular concern. The final data confirm that timely vaccination, early diagnosis, adequate therapy, and adherence to sanitary and hygienic standards remain key factors in preventing severe damage to the nervous system in children.