This scientific review presents a biopsychosocial approach to substantiate the methodological principles for developing
a comprehensive, clinically oriented method for assessing adult cognitive functioning. The proposed method
integrates subjective complaints, informant reports, the evaluation of emotional–motivational factors, and the results
of a multidomain experimental neuropsychological battery. The limitations of existing screening scales, self-report
instruments, and resource-intensive neuropsychological protocols are analyzed with respect to the early and differential
diagnosis of subjective cognitive decline, functional cognitive disorders, and mild cognitive impairment. The principles
underlying the method’s design are described, and the selection of cognitive domains and test procedures is justified
to ensure a profile-based assessment outcome and to disentangle executive (regulatory) and memory mechanisms.
The novelty of the article lies in conceptualizing cognitive functioning as a clinical biopsychosocial construct
and in proposing an integrative methodological framework oriented toward clinical applicability in somatic medicine
and rehabilitation, which is also suitable for longitudinal monitoring.