Urbanization is gaining more and more territories suitable for the life and existence of mankind. At the same time, there is a constant increase in the population of the Earth and in the level of general morbidity under the influence of risk factors. The literature review presents the main sources of formation of solid dust particles of different categories. Generalized data are given on the current regulatory documents on the problem of air pollution in the Russian Federation. The biological role of solid dust particles and pathophysiologic aspects of their influence on development of bronchopulmonary diseases are discussed. Their possible immunological role is emphasized as a trigger factor provoking autoimmune disorders among different age and sex groups of the population. In addition, there are proposed draft recommendations on the limitation of exposure of the consequences from the influence of air pollutants.