This article analyses the development of anthropological problems in Martin Luther's theology, revealing the transformation of this topic in its later period. The main source of the study is Luther's treatise Disputatio de homine (1536). Since anthropological problems are not represented as a special part in Luther's doctrine but are included in the context of multifaceted theological quests, we propose a model for reconstructing Luther's ideas concerning the human nature on the basis of various accents that he made in different periods of his life. In particular, the "early" Luther (1510-1525) asserts the impossibility to determine the nature of man because its radical destruction by sin. Salvation is carried out as a change of this sinful nature, "birth from above", liberating man from "slavery to the world" (main theme of the treatise On Christian Freedom), and changes the willfulness into an instrument of understanding the will of God (The Bondage of the Will). Later on, the "late" Luther (the 1530s) changes the approach to interpreting anthropological problems without abandoning the his ideas expressed earlier: he acknowledges the possibility of comprehending human nature, connects the history of creation and the history of salvation in the concept of tota creatura, and through this connection between creation and the Creator he approaches the interpretation of the problem of predestination (individual, rather than generic). This circumstance allows us to consider the late period of Luther's life, which usually overlooked, as an important stage in the development of his doctrine.