The article deals with a number of issues related to the content of the medieval treatise al-'Akhkam as-sultaniyya Wa-'l-wilayat ad-diniyya ("Laws of power and religious government"), its role and place in the formation of the political theory of Islam. The author of this book is Abu-l-Hasan al-Mawardi - an outstanding jurist, theologian, diplomat and politician who lived in the X-XI centuries in Baghdad. He is the author of a number of works on Shafi'it Fiqh, theology, ethics and politics, religion and in the socio-political field. However, Abu-l-Hasan al-Mawardi acquired his real fame thanks to the treatise al-'Ahkam as-sultaniyya. This work in many ways bringing order to the disparate notions of politics and power relations in the Ummah, is usually viewed as the first experience in the history of Islam of a comprehensive study of the theory of state and government. It was in this work that al-Mawardi, the first among Muslim scholars, analyzed and consistently laid out the most important provisions of what the modern jurisprudence calls the state or constitutional law.