TY - JOUR

T1 - THEMIS: A Parameter Estimation Framework for the Event Horizon Telescope

AU - Broderick, Avery E.

AU - Gold, Roman

AU - Karami, Mansour

AU - Preciado-López, Jorge A.

AU - Tiede, Paul

AU - Pu, Hung-Yi

AU - Akiyama, Kazunori

AU - Alberdi, Antxon

AU - Alef, Walter

AU - Asada, Keiichi

AU - Azulay, Rebecca

AU - Baczko, Anne-Kathrin

AU - Baloković, Mislav

AU - Barrett, John

AU - Bintley, Dan

AU - Blackburn, Lindy

AU - Boland, Wilfred

AU - Bouman, Katherine L.

AU - Bower, Geoffrey C.

AU - Bremer, Michael

AU - Brinkerink, Christiaan D.

AU - Brissenden, Roger

AU - Britzen, Silke

AU - Broguiere, Dominique

AU - Bronzwaer, Thomas

AU - Byun, Do-Young

AU - Carlstrom, John E.

AU - Chael, Andrew

AU - Chatterjee, Shami

AU - Chatterjee, Koushik

AU - Chen, Ming-Tang

AU - Chen, Yongjun

AU - Cho, Ilje

AU - Conway, John E.

AU - Cordes, James M.

AU - Crew, Geoffrey B.

AU - Cui, Yuzhu

AU - Davelaar, Jordy

AU - De Laurentis, Mariafelicia

AU - Deane, Roger

AU - Dempsey, Jessica

AU - Desvignes, Gregory

AU - Doeleman, Sheperd S.

AU - Eatough, Ralph P.

AU - Falcke, Heino

AU - Fish, Vincent L.

AU - Fomalont, Ed

AU - Fraga-Encinas, Raquel

AU - Friberg, Per

AU - Fromm, Christian M.

AU - Galison, Peter

AU - Gammie, Charles F.

AU - García, Roberto

AU - Gentaz, Olivier

AU - Georgiev, Boris

AU - Goddi, Ciriaco

AU - Gómez, José L.

AU - Gu, Minfeng

AU - Gurwell, Mark

AU - Hada, Kazuhiro

AU - Hecht, Michael H.

AU - Hesper, Ronald

AU - Ho, Luis C.

AU - Ho, Paul

AU - Honma, Mareki

AU - Huang, Chih-Wei L.

AU - Huang, Lei

AU - Hughes, David H.

AU - Inoue, Makoto

AU - Issaoun, Sara

AU - James, David J.

AU - Janssen, Michael

AU - Jeter, Britton

AU - Jiang, Wu

AU - Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra

AU - Johnson, Michael D.

AU - Jorstad, Svetlana

AU - Jung, Taehyun

AU - Karuppusamy, Ramesh

AU - Kawashima, Tomohisa

AU - Keating, Garrett K.

AU - Kettenis, Mark

AU - Kim, Jae-Young

AU - Kim, Jongsoo

AU - Kino, Motoki

AU - Koay, Jun Yi

AU - Koch, Patrick M.

AU - Koyama, Shoko

AU - Kramer, Michael

AU - Kramer, Carsten

AU - Krichbaum, Thomas P.

AU - Kuo, Cheng-Yu

AU - Lee, Sang-Sung

AU - Li, Yan-Rong

AU - Li, Zhiyuan

AU - Lindqvist, Michael

AU - Lico, Rocco

AU - Liu, Kuo

AU - Liuzzo, Elisabetta

AU - Lo, Wen-Ping

AU - Lobanov, Andrei P.

AU - Loinard, Laurent

AU - Lonsdale, Colin

AU - Lu, Ru-Sen

AU - MacDonald, Nicholas R.

AU - Mao, Jirong

AU - Marscher, Alan P.

AU - Martí-Vidal, Iván

AU - Matsushita, Satoki

AU - Matthews, Lynn D.

AU - Menten, Karl M.

AU - Mizuno, Yosuke

AU - Mizuno, Izumi

AU - Moran, James M.

AU - Moriyama, Kotaro

AU - Moscibrodzka, Monika

AU - Müller, Cornelia

AU - Nagai, Hiroshi

AU - Nagar, Neil M.

AU - Nakamura, Masanori

AU - Narayan, Ramesh

AU - Narayanan, Gopal

AU - Natarajan, Iniyan

AU - Neri, Roberto

AU - Ni, Chunchong

AU - Noutsos, Aristeidis

AU - Okino, Hiroki

AU - Olivares, Héctor

AU - Ortiz-León, Gisela N.

AU - Oyama, Tomoaki

AU - Palumbo, Daniel C. M.

AU - Park, Jongho

AU - Pen, Ue-Li

AU - Pesce, Dominic W.

AU - Piétu, Vincent

AU - Plambeck, Richard

AU - PopStefanija, Aleksandar

AU - Porth, Oliver

AU - Prather, Ben

AU - Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh

AU - Rao, Ramprasad

AU - Rawlings, Mark G.

AU - Raymond, Alexander W.

AU - Rezzolla, Luciano

AU - Ripperda, Bart

AU - Roelofs, Freek

AU - Rogers, Alan

AU - Ros, Eduardo

AU - Rose, Mel

AU - Rottmann, Helge

AU - Ruszczyk, Chet

AU - Ryan, Benjamin R.

AU - Rygl, Kazi L. J.

AU - Sánchez, Salvador

AU - Sánchez-Arguelles, David

AU - Sasada, Mahito

AU - Savolainen, Tuomas

AU - Schloerb, F. Peter

AU - Schuster, Karl-Friedrich

AU - Shao, Lijing

AU - Shen, Zhiqiang

AU - Small, Des

AU - Sohn, Bong Won

AU - SooHoo, Jason

AU - Tazaki, Fumie

AU - Tilanus, Remo P. J.

AU - Titus, Michael

AU - Toma, Kenji

AU - Torne, Pablo

AU - Traianou, Efthalia

AU - Trippe, Sascha

AU - Tsuda, Shuichiro

AU - van Bemmel, Ilse

AU - van Langevelde, Huib Jan

AU - van Rossum, Daniel R.

AU - Wagner, Jan

AU - Wardle, John

AU - Weintroub, Jonathan

AU - Wex, Norbert

AU - Wharton, Robert

AU - Wielgus, Maciek

AU - Wong, George N.

AU - Wu, Qingwen

AU - Yoon, Doosoo

AU - Young, André

AU - Young, Ken

AU - Younsi, Ziri

AU - Yuan, Feng

AU - Yuan, Ye-Fei

AU - Zensus, J. Anton

AU - Zhao, Guangyao

AU - Zhao, Shan-Shan

AU - Zhu, Ziyan

AU - Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, null

PY - 2020/7/10

Y1 - 2020/7/10

N2 - The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) provides the unprecedented ability to directly resolve the structure and dynamics of black hole emission regions on scales smaller than their horizons. This has the potential to critically probe the mechanisms by which black holes accrete and launch outflows, and the structure of supermassive black hole spacetimes. However, accessing this information is a formidable analysis challenge for two reasons. First, the EHT natively produces a variety of data types that encode information about the image structure in nontrivial ways; these are subject to a variety of systematic effects associated with very long baseline interferometry and are supplemented by a wide variety of auxiliary data on the primary EHT targets from decades of other observations. Second, models of the emission regions and their interaction with the black hole are complex, highly uncertain, and computationally expensive to construct. As a result, the scientific utilization of EHT observations requires a flexible, extensible, and powerful analysis framework. We present such a framework, THEMIS, which defines a set of interfaces between models, data, and sampling algorithms that facilitates future development. We describe the design and currently existing components of THEMIS, how THEMIS has been validated thus far, and present additional analyses made possible by THEMIS that illustrate its capabilities. Importantly, we demonstrate that THEMIS is able to reproduce prior EHT analyses, extend these, and do so in a computationally efficient manner that can efficiently exploit modern high-performance computing facilities. THEMIS has already been used extensively in the scientific analysis and interpretation of the first EHT observations of M87.

AB - The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) provides the unprecedented ability to directly resolve the structure and dynamics of black hole emission regions on scales smaller than their horizons. This has the potential to critically probe the mechanisms by which black holes accrete and launch outflows, and the structure of supermassive black hole spacetimes. However, accessing this information is a formidable analysis challenge for two reasons. First, the EHT natively produces a variety of data types that encode information about the image structure in nontrivial ways; these are subject to a variety of systematic effects associated with very long baseline interferometry and are supplemented by a wide variety of auxiliary data on the primary EHT targets from decades of other observations. Second, models of the emission regions and their interaction with the black hole are complex, highly uncertain, and computationally expensive to construct. As a result, the scientific utilization of EHT observations requires a flexible, extensible, and powerful analysis framework. We present such a framework, THEMIS, which defines a set of interfaces between models, data, and sampling algorithms that facilitates future development. We describe the design and currently existing components of THEMIS, how THEMIS has been validated thus far, and present additional analyses made possible by THEMIS that illustrate its capabilities. Importantly, we demonstrate that THEMIS is able to reproduce prior EHT analyses, extend these, and do so in a computationally efficient manner that can efficiently exploit modern high-performance computing facilities. THEMIS has already been used extensively in the scientific analysis and interpretation of the first EHT observations of M87.

KW - 565

KW - 1647

KW - 1858

KW - 1769

KW - 98

KW - Astronomy data analysis

KW - Galactic center

KW - MODEL

KW - SUPERMASSIVE BLACK-HOLE

KW - Astrophysical black holes

KW - Submillimeter astronomy

KW - VLBI OBSERVATIONS

KW - COVARIANT MAGNETOIONIC THEORY

KW - SAGITTARIUS A-ASTERISK

KW - GALACTIC-CENTER

KW - RADIO

KW - SIMULATIONS

KW - EMISSION

KW - Very long baseline interferometry

KW - ACCRETION FLOWS

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85088036498&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/0be91ab4-fcce-3f78-b7b0-2c8b5f05d333/

U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/ab91a4

DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/ab91a4

M3 - Article

VL - 897

SP - 139

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

SN - 0004-637X

IS - 2

M1 - 139

ER -