The paper presents the results of the study of the course of postpartum mental disorders with the search for predictors of the development of mental disorders in the future. We studied 2,246 case histories of patients at the psychoneurological dispensary with further formation of the group of 50 women, whose mental disorder debuted in the postpartum period. The control group consisted of 50 healthy women. Research methods: clinical and follow-up, questionnaire. The methods of covariance and linear regression analysis and nonparametric methods were used to evaluate the obtained data. It was found that the onset of mental disorder more often occurred in the early postpartum period. The assumption that there is a decrease of fertility in the presence of mental disorder after childbirth is not confirmed. Such factors as the presence of premorbid schizoid accentuation, delusions and other schizophrenic symptoms in the structure of postpartum mental disorder are associated with the development of schizophrenic spectrum disorders in the future. Heredity burdened with substance abuse or personal deviations in relatives is not a risk factor for development of mental illness, unlike heredity burdened with mental illness in close relatives. Burdened heredity, problems of social adaptation in premorbidity are not associated with the features of postpartum mental disorder. Dysfunctional parenting in childhood with frequent conflicts in the family contributes to the formation of affective spectrum disorders, but not organic, schizophrenic or neurotic disorders. Depression in the structure of postpartum mental disorder does not determine the formation of affective disorder in the future.