An X-ray study of the interaction of Langmuir monolayers with nanoparticles under the conditions when nanoparticles arrive at the monolayer from the side of the air medium has been performed for the first time. Measurements by the X-ray standing-wave method and two-dimensional diffraction have made it possible to investigate the transport of nanoaerosol particles through a lipid monolayer and observe the structural changes occurring in it. Nanoaerosol particles were formed by electrohydrodynamic sputtering of desalted solutions of ferritin. It was shown that nanoaerosol particles pass through the monolayer without disrupting the two-dimensional packing of lipid molecules. The ferritin molecules penetrating the aqueous subphase after sputtering are found to be adsorbed under the monolayer.