The article considers regionalism (oblastnichestvo) as an independent direction in the history of Russian thought and cultures. Four varieties of regionalism (oblastnichestvo) are pointed out: Russian, Ukrainian, Siberian, Western Russianism (zapadnorussizm) common for which were the principles of federalism. The philosophical and methodological basis of regionalism ideology consisted of Narodnichestvo (or Populism), the ideology and movement of the intelligentsia in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. Narodnichestvo was against serfdom and capitalist development in Russia, for the overthrow of the autocracy by means of a peasant revolution.), positivism, and Slavophilism. It is noted that the program of the regionalists was addressed to the provincial intelligentsia and was largely aimed at the formation of this intelligentsia, called to serve their region. The program of Siberian regionalism — "Siberian issues" is considered in more detail.