The manifestation of paleoclimatic events since the latest Pleistocene recorded in paleosoils from the soil–pyroclastic covers of Matua Island in the Central Kurils is analyzed for the first time. Throughout this period, the landscape development occurred in conditions of volcanic activity. The studied sections are located under different types of vegetation. Spore and pollen analysis of buried and modern soils is performed. Age binding of the events is carried out on the basis of radiocarbon dating and tephrastratigraphy. Stages of landscape development, including pre- and post-caldera-forming eruptions of the Matua volcano and eruptive activity in the post-caldera period before and after the formation of the Sarychev Peak volcano are established. The interaction of volcanic and climatic factors in the development of the biotic components is determined.