TY - JOUR

T1 - Post COVID-19 Syndrome in Patients with Asymptomatic/Mild Form

AU - Malkova, Anna

AU - Kudryavtsev, Igor

AU - Starshinova, Anna

AU - Kudlay, Dmitry

AU - Zinchenko, Yulia

AU - Glushkova, Anzhela

AU - Yablonskiy, Piotr

AU - Shoenfeld, Yehuda

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

PY - 2021/11

Y1 - 2021/11

N2 - Post COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS) is a complex of various symptoms developing a month or more after the acute phase of the disease. The cases of PCS development among patients with asymptomatic/mild forms are frequently reported; however, the pathogenesis of PCS in this group of patients is still not completely clear. The publications about COVID-19 which were published in online databases from December 2019 to September 2021 are analyzed in this review. According to the analysis, PCS develops on average in 30–60% of patients, mainly among women. Fatigue, shortness of breath, cough, and anosmia were reported as the most common symptoms. The possible association between the described PCS symptoms and brain damage was revealed. We assume the possibility of an alternative course of COVID-19, which develops in genetically predisposed individuals with a stronger immune response, in which it predominantly affects the cells of the nervous system, possibly with the presence of an autoimmune component, which might have similarity with chronic fatigue syndrome or autoimmune disautonomia. Thus, the gender (female) and the presence of anosmia during an asymptomatic or mild course of the disease can be predictive factors for the development of PCS, which can be caused by autoimmune damage to neurons, glia, and cerebral vessels.

AB - Post COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS) is a complex of various symptoms developing a month or more after the acute phase of the disease. The cases of PCS development among patients with asymptomatic/mild forms are frequently reported; however, the pathogenesis of PCS in this group of patients is still not completely clear. The publications about COVID-19 which were published in online databases from December 2019 to September 2021 are analyzed in this review. According to the analysis, PCS develops on average in 30–60% of patients, mainly among women. Fatigue, shortness of breath, cough, and anosmia were reported as the most common symptoms. The possible association between the described PCS symptoms and brain damage was revealed. We assume the possibility of an alternative course of COVID-19, which develops in genetically predisposed individuals with a stronger immune response, in which it predominantly affects the cells of the nervous system, possibly with the presence of an autoimmune component, which might have similarity with chronic fatigue syndrome or autoimmune disautonomia. Thus, the gender (female) and the presence of anosmia during an asymptomatic or mild course of the disease can be predictive factors for the development of PCS, which can be caused by autoimmune damage to neurons, glia, and cerebral vessels.

KW - COVID-19

KW - asymptomatic

KW - MILD

KW - Post COVID-19 Syndrome

KW - autoimmune

KW - anosmia

KW - fatigue

KW - Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

KW - autoimmune dysautonomia

KW - Anosmia

KW - Fatigue

KW - Asymptomatic

KW - Autoimmune dysautonomia

KW - Mild

KW - Autoimmune

UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/11/1408

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85118700386&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3390/pathogens10111408

DO - 10.3390/pathogens10111408

M3 - Review article

VL - 10

SP - 1408

JO - Pathogens

JF - Pathogens

SN - 2076-0817

IS - 11

M1 - 1408

ER -