The actual distribution of gudgeons native to the River Kuban (Gobio sp., Romanogobio pentatrichus, R. parvus) is described based upon new taxonomic conclusions and reliable species identifications. Numerous new materials were collected during several expeditions by the authors in 2001–2003 to the Northern Caucasus, Western Transcaucasia, Volga, Kuban, Don and other rivers of the Sea of Azov and were re-examined from collections of the Zoological Institute (St. Petersburg, Russia) and the Chair of Zoology of Kalmykia State University (Elista, Russia).