A nanostructuring processing route that leads to submicrometer grains and nanometric oxide particles uniformly distributed within the grains' interior is used to fabricate molybdenum alloys that have both exceptional high strength and ductility at room temperature. The design of the nanostructure of bulk metals and alloys should integrate theory and modeling structure characterization, processing and synthesis methods, and experimental measurement of properties. Nanostructuring strategies should provide ample opportunities to leverage multiple transport mechanisms and improve the properties of these materials, as they deal with a large number of structural parameters, such as lattice defects in the grain interior, grain-boundary structure, and the presence of segregations and second-phase nanoparticles. Nanostructuring by severe plastic deformation allows considerable enhancements in the mechanical properties.