TY - JOUR

T1 - Low-cost optical sensor for real-time blood loss monitoring during transurethral surgery

AU - Surkova, Anastasiia

AU - Panchuk, Vitaly

AU - Semenov, Valentin

AU - Protoshchak, Vladimir

AU - Karpushchenko, Evgeny

AU - Sleptsov, Alexander

AU - Legin, Andrey

AU - Kirsanov, Dmitry

N1 - Funding Information: The study was supported by Russian Science Foundation - grant No. 19-79-00076 (the development of an optical sensor, experimental work) and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation within the framework of state task No. 0778-2020-0005 (data processing and calculations). Publisher Copyright: © 2020 Elsevier GmbH Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

PY - 2021/2/1

Y1 - 2021/2/1

N2 - In this study, a cost-effective optical sensor was developed to quantify a blood loss during transurethral surgery. The device is based on the principles of optical spectroscopy and consists of an ultraviolet light emitting diode (LED) with an emission maximum of 405 nm as a light source, and a simple photoresistor for detecting the transmitted light. Arduino UNO board provides continuous voltage measurements of the photodiode, and sends these values to a computer for processing. This optical sensor was installed into the drain tube connected to the resectoscope where saline with a possible presence of blood was channeled during a transurethral resection. To calculate the blood loss, the sensor signal intensity over time was plotted to generate an “area under the curve” measurement. The performance of the device was evaluated in the laboratory by assaying different concentrations of human blood mixed with a saline solution. Measurements were made using both static and flowing samples. Linear regression models for both modes have a high correlation coefficient between the area under the curve and the blood content (R2 = 0.99 and 0.93, for static and dynamic measurements, respectively). The optical sensor received practical testing during a transurethral resection of a bladder tumor. The results indicate that the developed optical sensor can be successfully applied in medical practice.

AB - In this study, a cost-effective optical sensor was developed to quantify a blood loss during transurethral surgery. The device is based on the principles of optical spectroscopy and consists of an ultraviolet light emitting diode (LED) with an emission maximum of 405 nm as a light source, and a simple photoresistor for detecting the transmitted light. Arduino UNO board provides continuous voltage measurements of the photodiode, and sends these values to a computer for processing. This optical sensor was installed into the drain tube connected to the resectoscope where saline with a possible presence of blood was channeled during a transurethral resection. To calculate the blood loss, the sensor signal intensity over time was plotted to generate an “area under the curve” measurement. The performance of the device was evaluated in the laboratory by assaying different concentrations of human blood mixed with a saline solution. Measurements were made using both static and flowing samples. Linear regression models for both modes have a high correlation coefficient between the area under the curve and the blood content (R2 = 0.99 and 0.93, for static and dynamic measurements, respectively). The optical sensor received practical testing during a transurethral resection of a bladder tumor. The results indicate that the developed optical sensor can be successfully applied in medical practice.

KW - Arduino UNO

KW - blood loss

KW - light emitting diode

KW - linear regression

KW - optical sensor

KW - transurethral surgery

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85098684918&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/6847b15b-031a-3041-b2e3-27b4d616bc3e/

U2 - 10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.166148

DO - 10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.166148

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85098684918

VL - 228

JO - Optik

JF - Optik

SN - 0030-4026

M1 - 166148

ER -