TY - JOUR

T1 - Individual autozooidal behaviour and feeding in marine bryozoans

AU - Shunatova, Natalia Nickolaevna

AU - Ostrovsky, Andrew Nickolaevitch

N1 - Funding Information: We are greatly indebted to Professor Dr. Claus Nielsen and Dr. Mary E. Petersen, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, and Dr. Mary Spencer Jones, The Natural History Museum, London, for kind help with literature. Sincere thanks are given to Dr. Margit Jensen, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Natalia V. Lentsman, Dept. of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, Dr. Elena A. lstomina, Seacamp Association, Florida, and Tatjana V. Ostrovskaja, Leningrad Zoo, for their assistance with translating. We would like to express our gratitude to the staff and students of the Dept. of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University: Dr. Andrey A. Dobrovolsky, Dr. Aleksey V. Grischankov ami Eugen L. Yakovis for discussion, Scrgey V. Bagrov and Petr P. Strelkov for their help in collecting bryozoans, Irina I. Antipenko for assistance with drawings. The staff of the Algology Laboratory, Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, is acknowledged for hospitality and help in many ways. Our thanks to Drs. William G. Sanderson, Michael A. Best and John P. Thorpe, Dept. of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Liverpool, Port Erin Marine Laboratory, for unpublished review on bryozoan feeding. We are grateful to Dr. Judith E. Winston, Virginia Museum of Natural History, Professor, Dr. Roger N. Hughes, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Dr. Frank K. McKinney, Appalachian State University and Dr. Paul D. Taylor, The Natural History Museum, for reading and criticizing earlier drafts of the manuscript, useful comments and much encouragement. Andrew N. Ostrovsky thanks the Danish Ministry of Education for a postdoctoral stipend which made the work in University of Copenhagen Library possible. The Otto Kinne Foundation is acknowledged for financial support.

PY - 2001

Y1 - 2001

N2 - The article is devoted to individual behaviour of autozooids (mainly connected with feeding and cleaning) in 40 species and subspecies of marine bryozoans from the White Sea and the Barents Sea. We present comparative descriptions of the observations and for the first time describe some of autozooidal activities (e.g. cleaning of the colony surface by a reversal of tentacular ciliature beating, variants of testing-position, and particle capture and rejection). Non-contradictory aspects from the main hypotheses on bryozoan feeding have been used to create a model of feeding mechanism. Flicking activity in the absence of previous mechanical contact between tentacle and particle leads to the inference that polypides in some species can detect particles at some distance. The discussion deals with both normal and "spontaneous" reactions, as well as differences and similarities in autozooidal behaviour and their probable causes. Approaches to classification of the diversity of bryozoan behaviour (functional and morphological) are considered. Behavioural reactions recorded are classified using a morphological approach based on the structure (tentacular ciliature, tentacles and entire polypide) performing the reaction. We suggest that polypide protrusion and retraction might be the basis of the origin of some other individual activities. Individual autozooidal behaviour is considered to be a flexible and sensitive system of reactions in which the activities can be performed in different combinations and successions and can be switched depending on the situation.

AB - The article is devoted to individual behaviour of autozooids (mainly connected with feeding and cleaning) in 40 species and subspecies of marine bryozoans from the White Sea and the Barents Sea. We present comparative descriptions of the observations and for the first time describe some of autozooidal activities (e.g. cleaning of the colony surface by a reversal of tentacular ciliature beating, variants of testing-position, and particle capture and rejection). Non-contradictory aspects from the main hypotheses on bryozoan feeding have been used to create a model of feeding mechanism. Flicking activity in the absence of previous mechanical contact between tentacle and particle leads to the inference that polypides in some species can detect particles at some distance. The discussion deals with both normal and "spontaneous" reactions, as well as differences and similarities in autozooidal behaviour and their probable causes. Approaches to classification of the diversity of bryozoan behaviour (functional and morphological) are considered. Behavioural reactions recorded are classified using a morphological approach based on the structure (tentacular ciliature, tentacles and entire polypide) performing the reaction. We suggest that polypide protrusion and retraction might be the basis of the origin of some other individual activities. Individual autozooidal behaviour is considered to be a flexible and sensitive system of reactions in which the activities can be performed in different combinations and successions and can be switched depending on the situation.

KW - Autozooidal behaviour

KW - Classification

KW - Evolution

KW - Feeding mechanism

KW - Marine Bryozoa

KW - Particle manipulation

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=23044527621&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1080/00364827.2001.10420468

DO - 10.1080/00364827.2001.10420468

M3 - Article

VL - 86

SP - 113

EP - 142

JO - Sarsia

JF - Sarsia

SN - 0036-4827

IS - 2

ER -