This manual was written by the authors on the basis of their forty-five years of personal clinical and thirty years of pathophysiological experience. Admittedly, in the context of the tremendous amount of knowledge yet to be discovered, it is not a very long term. St. Petersburg was founded more than three centuries ago, and today it is a modern city where students from many countries come to study an array of disciplines, including Medicine. The field of Medicine has become international, and there is no national Medicine, as well as there is no national Mathematics or national Physics. Medicine is based on international laws of natural sciences. Every time a medical doctor checks the arterial blood pressure from one of his or her patients, this doctor (in any country of the world) applies the achievements of different national medical schools. This is plain medical fact, because the sphygmomanometer devise for this purpose was invented by an Italian doctor Scipione Riva-Rocci (1863-1937), the