A quantitative immunohistochemical method was used to study the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and neurotrophin BDNF in hippocampal field CA1 in rats subjected to severe hypoxia (SH), the harmful consequences of which were compensated by three subsequent sessions of postconditioning (PostC) with moderate hypobaric hypoxia (360 mmHg, 2 h, three times with 24-h intervals). Decreases in the expression of these proteins were seen in the hippocampus of rats after SH. Hypoxic PostC, which improves structural-functional rehabilitation after severe hypoxia, increased Bcl-2 and BDNF expression in neurons in hippocampal field CA1 in rats subjected to SH. The results provided evidence of the involvement of Bcl-2 and BDNF in the processes of adaptation to SH and compensation of its damaging effects.