TY - JOUR

T1 - Cytokine profiles and neurological manifestations in post-COVID syndrome

AU - Desheva, Yulia

AU - Muruzheva, Zamira

AU - Tumashova, Olga

AU - Shvedova, Tamara

AU - Kudar, Polina

AU - Matveev, Georgy

AU - Koroleva, Irina

AU - Leontieva, Galina

AU - Lerner, Anna

AU - Ponkratov, Stanislav

AU - Firova, Elvira

AU - Suvorov, Alexander

PY - 2025/2/24

Y1 - 2025/2/24

N2 - Aim: The objectives of our study were to evaluate a range of circulating biomarkers in COVID-19-related long-term neurological dysfunction. Methods: The study involved 30 patients with post-COVID syndrome (PCS) and 28 patients after COVID-19 without PCS. The third cohort consisted of 29 patients with acute COVID-19 of varying severity. The severity of COVID-19 was classified as mild and moderate to severe. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) and the SAGE test were used to study cognitive functions. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Sheehan Anxiety Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory were used to study affective functions. The levels of serum cytokines and IgM, IgG, IgA to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus were determined using the Vector-Best test systems (Novosibirsk, Russia). We also studied the IgG subclasses to the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2. Results: А mild to moderate COVID-19 infection primarily increases the risk of affective disorders and asthenia and, to a lesser extent, the development of cognitive impairment. The levels of IFN-α, IL-6, as well as serum antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 among patients with PCS were significantly higher compared to convalescents without PCS. IgM to the SARS-CoV-2 was detected in the blood of patients with PCS during 2–7 months after the disease. After moderate and severe COVID-19, IgG2 and IgG4 were predominant in the blood of patients with PCS and neurological symptoms. The levels of IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8 in the blood serum of patients with PCS were higher after moderate and severe COVID-19 compared to patients who had mild COVID-19. Conclusions: The obtained data on an elevated level of cytokines and IFN-α in the blood of PCS patients can suggest the hypothesis about the participation of chronic inflammation in neurological disorders. The main limitation of the study is the relatively small sample size, which limits the statistical analyses.

AB - Aim: The objectives of our study were to evaluate a range of circulating biomarkers in COVID-19-related long-term neurological dysfunction. Methods: The study involved 30 patients with post-COVID syndrome (PCS) and 28 patients after COVID-19 without PCS. The third cohort consisted of 29 patients with acute COVID-19 of varying severity. The severity of COVID-19 was classified as mild and moderate to severe. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) and the SAGE test were used to study cognitive functions. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Sheehan Anxiety Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory were used to study affective functions. The levels of serum cytokines and IgM, IgG, IgA to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus were determined using the Vector-Best test systems (Novosibirsk, Russia). We also studied the IgG subclasses to the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2. Results: А mild to moderate COVID-19 infection primarily increases the risk of affective disorders and asthenia and, to a lesser extent, the development of cognitive impairment. The levels of IFN-α, IL-6, as well as serum antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 among patients with PCS were significantly higher compared to convalescents without PCS. IgM to the SARS-CoV-2 was detected in the blood of patients with PCS during 2–7 months after the disease. After moderate and severe COVID-19, IgG2 and IgG4 were predominant in the blood of patients with PCS and neurological symptoms. The levels of IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8 in the blood serum of patients with PCS were higher after moderate and severe COVID-19 compared to patients who had mild COVID-19. Conclusions: The obtained data on an elevated level of cytokines and IFN-α in the blood of PCS patients can suggest the hypothesis about the participation of chronic inflammation in neurological disorders. The main limitation of the study is the relatively small sample size, which limits the statistical analyses.

KW - COVID-19

KW - SARS-CoV-2

KW - antibodies

KW - cytokines

KW - post-COVID syndrome

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/398add14-6063-3206-a639-2a5ef2509c3d/

U2 - 10.37349/ei.2025.1003184

DO - 10.37349/ei.2025.1003184

M3 - Article

VL - 5

JO - Exploration of Immunology

JF - Exploration of Immunology

SN - 2768-6655

M1 - 1003184

ER -