TY - JOUR

T1 - Cyclic Concepts of Russian History in Modern Historiography

AU - Миронов, Борис Николаевич

N1 - Mironov B. Cyclic Concepts of Russian History in Modern Historiography // Social Sciences. 2023. No. 3. P. 107-132.

PY - 2023

Y1 - 2023

N2 - A concept that has become widespread in post-Soviet historiographyholds that Russia’s development is cyclic, pendulum-like, or inverted.According to that concept, Russia, unlike the West, develops not progressively,but in a convulsive, pendulum-like way: It moves forward and then backtracks;progress is followed by reaction, such that movement is in a viciouscircle. This article identifies four versions of the concept and draws conclusionsabout its weaknesses and strengths. The concept has three flaws. Thefirst is anti-historicism: It ignores the vast changes that were taking place inRussian society, which runs counter to the principle of historicism. The secondflaw is Eurocentrism: The West is idealized and regarded as the highestmanifestation of civilization and a model for emulation and comparison, whiledeviations from this model and reforms that do not lead to Westernizationare condemned. The third flaw is apriorism, poor empirical grounding, withexplanations more often than not based on hypotheses and even guesswork.The main methodological tools are comparison, analogies, good examples,and deduction as selective ordering of facts in support of a certain hypothesis.Historians usually consider this an unreliable toolkit that opens up opportunitiesfor making a plethora of weakly substantiated hypotheses. Even so,the concept in question objectively captures some characteristic features ofthe Russian historical process: the existence of cycles in political, social andeconomic development; the pulsating character of reforms; the prevalence ofthe authoritarian style of governance; the low level of culture of the population;the big role of traditional institutions, folk political culture and peculiarcognitive practices; and great historical inertia, i.e., an attachment to the pastanchored in civilizational stereotypes. However, the shortcomings and weaknessesof Russian society tend to be exaggerated, while its achievements and strengths are belittled. The advocates of cyclism share a negative attitude towardpower of all levels – an attitude widespread in Russian historiography.The imbalance creates a bias that distorts the course of Russian history.

AB - A concept that has become widespread in post-Soviet historiographyholds that Russia’s development is cyclic, pendulum-like, or inverted.According to that concept, Russia, unlike the West, develops not progressively,but in a convulsive, pendulum-like way: It moves forward and then backtracks;progress is followed by reaction, such that movement is in a viciouscircle. This article identifies four versions of the concept and draws conclusionsabout its weaknesses and strengths. The concept has three flaws. Thefirst is anti-historicism: It ignores the vast changes that were taking place inRussian society, which runs counter to the principle of historicism. The secondflaw is Eurocentrism: The West is idealized and regarded as the highestmanifestation of civilization and a model for emulation and comparison, whiledeviations from this model and reforms that do not lead to Westernizationare condemned. The third flaw is apriorism, poor empirical grounding, withexplanations more often than not based on hypotheses and even guesswork.The main methodological tools are comparison, analogies, good examples,and deduction as selective ordering of facts in support of a certain hypothesis.Historians usually consider this an unreliable toolkit that opens up opportunitiesfor making a plethora of weakly substantiated hypotheses. Even so,the concept in question objectively captures some characteristic features ofthe Russian historical process: the existence of cycles in political, social andeconomic development; the pulsating character of reforms; the prevalence ofthe authoritarian style of governance; the low level of culture of the population;the big role of traditional institutions, folk political culture and peculiarcognitive practices; and great historical inertia, i.e., an attachment to the pastanchored in civilizational stereotypes. However, the shortcomings and weaknessesof Russian society tend to be exaggerated, while its achievements and strengths are belittled. The advocates of cyclism share a negative attitude towardpower of all levels – an attitude widespread in Russian historiography.The imbalance creates a bias that distorts the course of Russian history.

KW - reforms and counterreforms in Russia, times of trouble and revolutions, Aleksandr Akhiezer, Irina Glebova, Andrey Dvornichenko, Viktor Ilyin

KW - reforms and counterreforms in Russia, times of trouble and revolutions, Aleksandr Akhiezer, Irina Glebova, Andrey Dvornichenko, Viktor Ilyin.

M3 - Article

SP - 107

EP - 132

JO - Social Sciences

JF - Social Sciences

SN - 0134-5486

IS - 3

ER -