This article compares two groups of texts: Neo-Assyrian
menologies (monthly predictions) and zodiacal horoscopes of the
Late Babylonian period. Semantic relationships of both with myths
and rituals of the Sumerian and Babylonian cultic calendar are
established. The data of cuneiform texts are compared with the data
of modern psychophysiology and chronopsychology (X. Gonda and
her group). It is assumed that the scribes of the Eighth to Fourth
centuries BC reported to the circle of healers and astrologers that
diseases of people born in different seasons depended on their
temperament and the state of their nervous system. Now we can say
that for modern man the rational core of Babylonian astrology lies in
the fact that the causes of various changes in psychophysical
conditions are not ascribed to constellations, but to geoclimatic
periods of the year when these constellations appear. The
Babylonians believed that the characteristics of physical and mental
development of a person born in a particular period of the year
coincide with sensations and symptoms that overtake all people at the
same time. Whether this hypothesis is right or wrong is a puzzle that
modern science has yet to solve.