The events of 1999 convinced a new generation of Kremlin leaders that careful use of military power may become a valuable asset in foreign policy. Since then, there has been a firm belief in Moscow that, if used properly, coercive diplomacy may assist in the revision of Russia’s position in international politics, which has been considered as unfair. Since then, the Russian Federation has utilised some elements of coercion for conflict management, which followed Georgia’s attack on South Ossetia in August 2008; during Russia’s annexation of Crimea in February to March 2014, as well as at the acute phase of the Civil War in
Eastern Ukraine in summer 2014 to winter 2015, when the Russian Federation came down on the side of the separatist regions; and during the Russia-Turkey crisis, which followed the downing of Russia’s SU-24M attack aircraft in November 2015.