Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive variant of breast malignancies, being a heterogeneous group with various molecular abnormalities that require differentiated approach to diagnosis and treatment. The article contains current data on modern molecular classifications of triple negative breast cancer and appropriate defects in signaling pathways as well as their assignment to distinct immunological and metabolic biomarkers. The data on the prognostic and predictive role of the tumor molecular biomarkers, as well as on clinically used and cellular therapy approaches and developing targeted drugs are presented, and the prospects for the future research are outlined. We also present the data of our own research concerning evaluation of the prognostic role of cytokines and lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood of the TNBC patients.