The main aim of this research is to propose a conceptual framework to investigate and measure the supply network (SN) leader as a critical issue for SN modification and design tasks. To this aim, this research introduces a holistic definition for SN leader by taking a multidimensional, multidisciplinary and multilevel viewpoint. Accordingly, using the proposed definition and dominant theories, characteristics, and features of leader in the literature, three propositions presented to lead SN leader measurement theoretically as a foundation for further investigation. The significant findings of this research are on the investigation of SN leader based on the performance improvement as the final goal through incorporating three levels of analysis: 1) structural characteristics with implementing the centrality measurement; 2) inter-organisational relationship and relevant network institutions and governance with applying the game theory; 3) operational processes with utilising the data envelopment analysis for efficiency measurement.