A review of geological history, main sedimentary formations, magmatism, tectonic structure and a short characteristic of mineral resources of Caledonian Tian-Shan are presented. The development of the domain began with Vendian rifting of heterochronous Precambrian continental crust (border of Eastern Gondwana?) and Cambrian spreading of its fragments, then grew into island arc and continental margin processes in Middle Cambrian - Early Ordovician and finally (Middle Ordovician) came to accretion of microcontinental and ocean terrains in a new Paleokazakhstan continent. In terms of collisional orogen model, post-Caledonian Northern - Middle Tian-Shan consists of granites-rich Moinkum - Yssyk-kel microcontinental group as central massive (median mass), Kyrgyz - Terskey ophiolite belt as inner zone; Karatau-Talas terrain, usually treated as part of Northern Tian-Shan, together with Middle Tian-Shan forms part of outer Caledonides. Southern Kurama-Tereksai zone of traditional Middle Tian-Shan developed in Silurian as an active accretional margin of Paleokazakhstan. Collision in Carboniferous transformed especially this former continental margin and rebuilt it into thrust and strike-sleap Hercynian system. Main part of economic mineral resources of the region is of Hercynian age.