Archpriest Pavel Svetlov (1861-1941) is the most prominent representative of Orthodox apologetics in the late 19^th - early 20^th centuries. He was professor at the University of St. Vladimir in Kiev, a distinguished theologian and essay writer, the author of more than 100 published works and a large number of never-published manuscripts. Until now, his works have not yet become the topic of academic research. This article makes public for the first time several unpublished essays of Pavel Svetlov from his personal archive (1916-1917) which pertain to his understanding of theomachy and atheism as “the religion of deified man” (человекобожество). He believed that this phenomenon is an attempt to elevate and glorify human beings through the “abating” of God. He associated it with the “fashion” for “atheistic humanism” that embraced the European intellectual world. Pavel Svetlov criticised various atheistic conceptions for decades, from the time of his paper on philosophy of religion of L. Feuerbach in 1885. In his later works, he wrote that religiosity is rooted in human nature. Svetlov believed that “absolute” atheism is “almost impossible” for man, so in refusing Christ intelligentsia creates idols such as abstract concepts of 'human', 'humanity', 'people', 'science', 'Communism'. In these manuscripts, as well as in his publications of 1916-1917, Svetlov analyses religious-philosophical quests and “divine creativity” (боготворчество) of the Russian intelligentsia in the early 20^th century. He calls Nikolai Berdiaev and Leonid Andreev clear-cut representatives of 'individualistic theomachy'.