TY - JOUR

T1 - Влияние гиалуроновой кислоты на состояние иммунной системы организма: обзор литературы

AU - Косова, Анна

AU - Снетков, Петр Петрович

AU - Морозкина, Светлана Николаевна

PY - 2026/9/9

Y1 - 2026/9/9

N2 - Hyaluronic acid is a natural glycosaminoglycan that is the main structural component of the extracellular matrix with unique physical and chemical properties that make it widely used in biomedical applications. The review summarizes current evidence that highlights the role of hyaluronic acid as an active signaling molecule modulating immune responses. The key factor in this response is the molecular weight of the polymer. High-molecular-weight fragments, which predominate in healthy tissues, when interacting with the CD44 receptor, suppress inflammation, promote the polarization of macrophages into an anti-inflammatory phenotype, enhance the suppressive function of regulatory T-lymphocytes, and support immune tolerance. Low-molecular-weight fragments, which are produced during trauma, ischemia, or oxidative stress, act as endogenous danger signals. They are recognized by TLR2 and TLR4 toll-like receptors, activate nuclear factor kappa B, and trigger a pro-inflammatory cascade with cytokine production. In contrast, ultra-short oligosaccharides can exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. The review provides a detailed analysis of hyaluronic acid receptors, mechanisms of its biosynthesis and degradation, as well as its cell-specific effects on macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and stromal cells. Understanding the dual effects of hyaluronic acid opens new opportunities for therapeutic strategies in inflammatory, autoimmune, and cancerous diseases.

AB - Hyaluronic acid is a natural glycosaminoglycan that is the main structural component of the extracellular matrix with unique physical and chemical properties that make it widely used in biomedical applications. The review summarizes current evidence that highlights the role of hyaluronic acid as an active signaling molecule modulating immune responses. The key factor in this response is the molecular weight of the polymer. High-molecular-weight fragments, which predominate in healthy tissues, when interacting with the CD44 receptor, suppress inflammation, promote the polarization of macrophages into an anti-inflammatory phenotype, enhance the suppressive function of regulatory T-lymphocytes, and support immune tolerance. Low-molecular-weight fragments, which are produced during trauma, ischemia, or oxidative stress, act as endogenous danger signals. They are recognized by TLR2 and TLR4 toll-like receptors, activate nuclear factor kappa B, and trigger a pro-inflammatory cascade with cytokine production. In contrast, ultra-short oligosaccharides can exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. The review provides a detailed analysis of hyaluronic acid receptors, mechanisms of its biosynthesis and degradation, as well as its cell-specific effects on macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and stromal cells. Understanding the dual effects of hyaluronic acid opens new opportunities for therapeutic strategies in inflammatory, autoimmune, and cancerous diseases.

KW - extracellular matrix

KW - immunity

KW - immunosuppression

KW - inflammation

KW - molecular weight

KW - polymers

KW - receptors

UR - https://elibrary.ru/mzorzf

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/be0e4ba5-6cd7-3e44-9360-7477b0bed40d/

U2 - 10.34883/PI.2026.15.3.012

DO - 10.34883/PI.2026.15.3.012

M3 - Обзорная статья

VL - 15

SP - 478

EP - 492

JO - Лабораторная диагностика. Восточная Европа.

JF - Лабораторная диагностика. Восточная Европа.

SN - 2226-5392

IS - 3

ER -