This paper presents the results of a study on specific parameters of the Russian labor market from a regional perspective. An analysis of scientific publications on the topic was conducted, substantiating its novelty and identifying the main problems of the labor market. The methodologies used for calculating the indicators are provided. Rankings of federal districts and constituent entities of the Russian Federation were constructed based on the size of the workforce, unemployment rate, and derivative indicators. Patterns and trends in the dynamics of the structural elements of Russia’s socio-economic system in this context were identified and described, corresponding models were compiled, and correlation-regression assessments of the mutual influence of factors were performed. Frequency distributions of the subjects of the Russian Federation according to the indicated indicators were constructed, their parameters were studied and compared over time. Conclusions are formulated, assumptions are made about development prospects and recommendations. The results of the study contribute to the expansion and deepening of knowledge about the situation in the Russian labor market and can be useful in making relevant managerial decisions and substantiating target indicators of state programs.