The study aims to describe and analyze mythological and magical vocabulary in the Russian dialects of the Simbirsk Volga region. The material for this work was collected by the author from recordings of stories told by informants from various villages of the Ulyanovsk region as well as from data published by folklorists. The selected lexemes were divided into the following thematic groups: names of mythological characters, names of people with supernatural properties, verbs with the semantics of the use of sacred knowledge and supernatural abilities, verbs with the meaning of magical transformation, names of the results of magical influence and diseases cured through such influence, names of channels of magical influence. When analyzing the vocabulary within each group, the author applied the ethnolinguistic approach and studied the functional, areal, and etymological aspects. The largest groups are the names of mythological characters and the designations of people with supernatural powers. The study reveals the local and regional traditions of the functioning and ethnocultural “filling” of these lexical groups in the Simbirsk Volga region as well as interaction with autochthonous languages (banya-vedun), lexical borrowings (vitnitsa, babay). Various subgroups contain regionally distributed lexemes (babai, tatarin, bukanka) and locally specific ones (babos'ki, chiganashki, samoshka, oratyi). The study describes lexemes that may be considered as regional markers for the mythological character of the master of the house (domovedushka) and that unite the Middle Volga region with the wider northeastern area. The study also notes regional names of demonic creatures with the root shut- (shutovka, shushka). Within the group of names of people with supernatural abilities, there are distinguished the names of those who use their knowledge to harm others and the designations of people who use their knowledge for healing.