Microbial communities with cyanobacteria as a main phototrophic constituent are
routine for Antarctic water bodies. Until recently, taxonomic diversity of these objects has not been sufficiently investigated. In our study, twelve samples of Antarctic biofilms and microbial mats were characterized via metagenomics and polyphasic taxonomy approaches. The majority of cyanobacteria (cyanoprokaryotes) were shown to belong to the order “Oscillatoriales” (Subsection III).