The Altay-Sayan region is rich in archaeological relics dating from various historical epochs. Their allocation is well studied but is not adequately systematized. Landscape and spatial distribution of archaeological relics dating from Stone Age to the Scythian time has been analyzed. At the same time rhythms of Holocene climatic change in mountain areas has been considered. The result of the historical-geographic research allowed to trace the influence of natural landscape on human developing of the considered area and also to estimate the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors on landscape genesis in the Altay-Sayan region.