The article deals with one of the interpretations of Marxism that appeared in Russia at the end of the 19th century as a result of the influence of the ideas of K. Marx and F. Engels, on the one hand, and those of E. Mach and R. Avenarius, on the other. The author claims that Russian empiriocriticism was an original philosophical theory which was relevant to the paradigm changes in culture, social life, and philosophy. The second Russian positivism is analyzed as an integral whole, which makes it possible to present the main philosophical ideas of Russian empiriocriticism concerning such areas of philosophical knowledge as epistemology, ontology, ethics, aesthetics, anthropology, social philosophy, futurology, philosophy of religion, philosophy of language and philosophy of culture, in their relationship and mutual influence. The author primarily focuses on A. A. Bogdanov’s empiriomonism, V. V. Lesevich’s scientific philosophy, P. S. Yushkevich’s empiriosymbolism, S. A. Suvorov’s philosophy of life, A. V. Lunacharsky’s positive aesthetics.