Standard

X-ray polarization measurement of the gold standard of radio-quiet active galactic nuclei: NGC 1068. / Marin, F.; Marinucci, A.; Laurenti, M.; Barnouin, T.; Di Marco, A.; Ursini, F.; Bianchi, S.; Ravi, S.; Marshall, H. L.; Matt, G.; Gianolli, V. E.; Ingram, A.; Middei, R.; Maksym, W. P.; Panagiotou, C.; Podgorny, J.; Puccetti, S.; Ratheesh, A.; Tombesi, F.; Agudo, I.; Antonelli, L. A.; Bachetti, M.; Baldini, L.; Baumgartner, W.; Bellazzini, R.; Bongiorno, S.; Bonino, R.; Brez, A.; Bucciantini, N.; Capitanio, F.; Castellano, S.; Cavazzuti, E.; Ciprini, S.; Costa, E.; De Rosa, A.; Del Monte, E.; Di Gesu, L.; Di Lalla, N.; Donnarumma, I.; Doroshenko, V.; Dovčiak, M.; Ehlert, S.; Enoto, T.; Evangelista, Y.; Fabiani, S.; Ferrazzoli, R.; Garcia, J.; Gunji, S.; Heyl, J.; Iwakiri, W.; Jorstad, S.; Kaaret, P.; Karas, V.; Kislat, F.; Kitaguchi, T.; Kolodziejczak, J.; Krawczynski, H.; La Monaca, F.; Latronico, L.; Liodakis, I.; Madejski, G.; Maldera, S.; Manfreda, A.; Marscher, A.; Massaro, F.; Mitsuishi, I.; Mizuno, T.; Muleri, F.; Negro, M.; Ng, S.; O'Dell, S.; Omodei, N.; Oppedisano, C.; Papitto, A.; Pavlov, G.; Perri, M.; Pesce-Rollins, M.; Petrucci, P. -O.; Pilia, M.; Possenti, A.; Poutanen, J.; Ramsey, B.; Rankin, J.; Roberts, O.; Romani, R.; Sgrò, C.; Slane, P.; Soffitta, P.; Spandre, G.; Swartz, D.; Tamagawa, T.; Tavecchio, F.; Taverna, R.; Tawara, Y.; Tennant, A.; Thomas, N.; Trois, A.; Tsygankov, S.; Turolla, R.; Vink, J.; Weisskopf, M.; Xie, F.; Zane, S.

In: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 689, A238, 01.09.2024.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Harvard

Marin, F, Marinucci, A, Laurenti, M, Barnouin, T, Di Marco, A, Ursini, F, Bianchi, S, Ravi, S, Marshall, HL, Matt, G, Gianolli, VE, Ingram, A, Middei, R, Maksym, WP, Panagiotou, C, Podgorny, J, Puccetti, S, Ratheesh, A, Tombesi, F, Agudo, I, Antonelli, LA, Bachetti, M, Baldini, L, Baumgartner, W, Bellazzini, R, Bongiorno, S, Bonino, R, Brez, A, Bucciantini, N, Capitanio, F, Castellano, S, Cavazzuti, E, Ciprini, S, Costa, E, De Rosa, A, Del Monte, E, Di Gesu, L, Di Lalla, N, Donnarumma, I, Doroshenko, V, Dovčiak, M, Ehlert, S, Enoto, T, Evangelista, Y, Fabiani, S, Ferrazzoli, R, Garcia, J, Gunji, S, Heyl, J, Iwakiri, W, Jorstad, S, Kaaret, P, Karas, V, Kislat, F, Kitaguchi, T, Kolodziejczak, J, Krawczynski, H, La Monaca, F, Latronico, L, Liodakis, I, Madejski, G, Maldera, S, Manfreda, A, Marscher, A, Massaro, F, Mitsuishi, I, Mizuno, T, Muleri, F, Negro, M, Ng, S, O'Dell, S, Omodei, N, Oppedisano, C, Papitto, A, Pavlov, G, Perri, M, Pesce-Rollins, M, Petrucci, P-O, Pilia, M, Possenti, A, Poutanen, J, Ramsey, B, Rankin, J, Roberts, O, Romani, R, Sgrò, C, Slane, P, Soffitta, P, Spandre, G, Swartz, D, Tamagawa, T, Tavecchio, F, Taverna, R, Tawara, Y, Tennant, A, Thomas, N, Trois, A, Tsygankov, S, Turolla, R, Vink, J, Weisskopf, M, Xie, F & Zane, S 2024, 'X-ray polarization measurement of the gold standard of radio-quiet active galactic nuclei: NGC 1068', Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 689, A238. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449760

APA

Marin, F., Marinucci, A., Laurenti, M., Barnouin, T., Di Marco, A., Ursini, F., Bianchi, S., Ravi, S., Marshall, H. L., Matt, G., Gianolli, V. E., Ingram, A., Middei, R., Maksym, W. P., Panagiotou, C., Podgorny, J., Puccetti, S., Ratheesh, A., Tombesi, F., ... Zane, S. (2024). X-ray polarization measurement of the gold standard of radio-quiet active galactic nuclei: NGC 1068. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 689, [A238]. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449760

Vancouver

Marin F, Marinucci A, Laurenti M, Barnouin T, Di Marco A, Ursini F et al. X-ray polarization measurement of the gold standard of radio-quiet active galactic nuclei: NGC 1068. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2024 Sep 1;689. A238. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449760

Author

Marin, F. ; Marinucci, A. ; Laurenti, M. ; Barnouin, T. ; Di Marco, A. ; Ursini, F. ; Bianchi, S. ; Ravi, S. ; Marshall, H. L. ; Matt, G. ; Gianolli, V. E. ; Ingram, A. ; Middei, R. ; Maksym, W. P. ; Panagiotou, C. ; Podgorny, J. ; Puccetti, S. ; Ratheesh, A. ; Tombesi, F. ; Agudo, I. ; Antonelli, L. A. ; Bachetti, M. ; Baldini, L. ; Baumgartner, W. ; Bellazzini, R. ; Bongiorno, S. ; Bonino, R. ; Brez, A. ; Bucciantini, N. ; Capitanio, F. ; Castellano, S. ; Cavazzuti, E. ; Ciprini, S. ; Costa, E. ; De Rosa, A. ; Del Monte, E. ; Di Gesu, L. ; Di Lalla, N. ; Donnarumma, I. ; Doroshenko, V. ; Dovčiak, M. ; Ehlert, S. ; Enoto, T. ; Evangelista, Y. ; Fabiani, S. ; Ferrazzoli, R. ; Garcia, J. ; Gunji, S. ; Heyl, J. ; Iwakiri, W. ; Jorstad, S. ; Kaaret, P. ; Karas, V. ; Kislat, F. ; Kitaguchi, T. ; Kolodziejczak, J. ; Krawczynski, H. ; La Monaca, F. ; Latronico, L. ; Liodakis, I. ; Madejski, G. ; Maldera, S. ; Manfreda, A. ; Marscher, A. ; Massaro, F. ; Mitsuishi, I. ; Mizuno, T. ; Muleri, F. ; Negro, M. ; Ng, S. ; O'Dell, S. ; Omodei, N. ; Oppedisano, C. ; Papitto, A. ; Pavlov, G. ; Perri, M. ; Pesce-Rollins, M. ; Petrucci, P. -O. ; Pilia, M. ; Possenti, A. ; Poutanen, J. ; Ramsey, B. ; Rankin, J. ; Roberts, O. ; Romani, R. ; Sgrò, C. ; Slane, P. ; Soffitta, P. ; Spandre, G. ; Swartz, D. ; Tamagawa, T. ; Tavecchio, F. ; Taverna, R. ; Tawara, Y. ; Tennant, A. ; Thomas, N. ; Trois, A. ; Tsygankov, S. ; Turolla, R. ; Vink, J. ; Weisskopf, M. ; Xie, F. ; Zane, S. / X-ray polarization measurement of the gold standard of radio-quiet active galactic nuclei: NGC 1068. In: Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2024 ; Vol. 689.

BibTeX

@article{3d87f2ebfa9948a5b26991000d9457fc,
title = "X-ray polarization measurement of the gold standard of radio-quiet active galactic nuclei: NGC 1068",
abstract = "Context. NGC 1068 is the most observed radio-quiet active galactic nucleus (AGN) in polarimetry, yet its high-energy polarization has never been probed before due to a lack of dedicated polarimeters. Aims. Using the first X-ray polarimeter sensitive enough to measure the polarization of AGNs, we want to probe the orientation and geometric arrangement of (sub)parsec-scale matter around the X-ray source. Methods. We used the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) satellite to measure, for the first time, the 2–8 keV polarization of NGC 1068. We pointed IXPE at the target for a net exposure time of 1.15 Ms, in addition to using two Chandra snapshots of ∼10 ks each in order to account for the potential impact of several ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) within IXPE's field of view. Results. We measured a 2–8 keV polarization degree of 12.4% ± 3.6% and an electric vector polarization angle of 101° ± 8° at a 68% confidence level. If we exclude the spectral region containing bright Fe K lines and other soft X-ray lines where depolarization occurs, the polarization fraction rises to 21.3% ± 6.7% in the 3.5–6.0 keV band, with a similar polarization angle. The observed polarization angle is found to be perpendicular to the parsec-scale radio jet. Using a combined Chandra and IXPE analysis plus multiwavelength constraints, we estimated that the circumnuclear {"}torus{"} may sustain a half-opening angle of 50–55° (from the vertical axis of the system). Conclusions. Thanks to IXPE, we have measured the X-ray polarization of NGC 1068 and found comparable results, both in terms of the polarization angle orientation with respect to the radio jet and the torus half-opening angle, to the X-ray polarimetric measurement achieved for the other archetypal Compton-thick AGN: the Circinus galaxy. Probing the geometric arrangement of parsec-scale matter in extragalactic objects is now feasible thanks to X-ray polarimetry.",
keywords = "polarization, galaxies: active, galaxies: Seyfert, X-rays: galaxies, X-rays: individuals: NGC 1068, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, 85-06, J.2.3, J.2.9",
author = "F. Marin and A. Marinucci and M. Laurenti and T. Barnouin and {Di Marco}, A. and F. Ursini and S. Bianchi and S. Ravi and Marshall, {H. L.} and G. Matt and Gianolli, {V. E.} and A. Ingram and R. Middei and Maksym, {W. P.} and C. Panagiotou and J. Podgorny and S. Puccetti and A. Ratheesh and F. Tombesi and I. Agudo and Antonelli, {L. A.} and M. Bachetti and L. Baldini and W. Baumgartner and R. Bellazzini and S. Bongiorno and R. Bonino and A. Brez and N. Bucciantini and F. Capitanio and S. Castellano and E. Cavazzuti and S. Ciprini and E. Costa and {De Rosa}, A. and {Del Monte}, E. and {Di Gesu}, L. and {Di Lalla}, N. and I. Donnarumma and V. Doroshenko and M. Dov{\v c}iak and S. Ehlert and T. Enoto and Y. Evangelista and S. Fabiani and R. Ferrazzoli and J. Garcia and S. Gunji and J. Heyl and W. Iwakiri and S. Jorstad and P. Kaaret and V. Karas and F. Kislat and T. Kitaguchi and J. Kolodziejczak and H. Krawczynski and {La Monaca}, F. and L. Latronico and I. Liodakis and G. Madejski and S. Maldera and A. Manfreda and A. Marscher and F. Massaro and I. Mitsuishi and T. Mizuno and F. Muleri and M. Negro and S. Ng and S. O'Dell and N. Omodei and C. Oppedisano and A. Papitto and G. Pavlov and M. Perri and M. Pesce-Rollins and Petrucci, {P. -O.} and M. Pilia and A. Possenti and J. Poutanen and B. Ramsey and J. Rankin and O. Roberts and R. Romani and C. Sgr{\`o} and P. Slane and P. Soffitta and G. Spandre and D. Swartz and T. Tamagawa and F. Tavecchio and R. Taverna and Y. Tawara and A. Tennant and N. Thomas and A. Trois and S. Tsygankov and R. Turolla and J. Vink and M. Weisskopf and F. Xie and S. Zane",
year = "2024",
month = sep,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/202449760",
language = "English",
volume = "689",
journal = "ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS",
issn = "0004-6361",
publisher = "EDP Sciences",

}

RIS

TY - JOUR

T1 - X-ray polarization measurement of the gold standard of radio-quiet active galactic nuclei: NGC 1068

AU - Marin, F.

AU - Marinucci, A.

AU - Laurenti, M.

AU - Barnouin, T.

AU - Di Marco, A.

AU - Ursini, F.

AU - Bianchi, S.

AU - Ravi, S.

AU - Marshall, H. L.

AU - Matt, G.

AU - Gianolli, V. E.

AU - Ingram, A.

AU - Middei, R.

AU - Maksym, W. P.

AU - Panagiotou, C.

AU - Podgorny, J.

AU - Puccetti, S.

AU - Ratheesh, A.

AU - Tombesi, F.

AU - Agudo, I.

AU - Antonelli, L. A.

AU - Bachetti, M.

AU - Baldini, L.

AU - Baumgartner, W.

AU - Bellazzini, R.

AU - Bongiorno, S.

AU - Bonino, R.

AU - Brez, A.

AU - Bucciantini, N.

AU - Capitanio, F.

AU - Castellano, S.

AU - Cavazzuti, E.

AU - Ciprini, S.

AU - Costa, E.

AU - De Rosa, A.

AU - Del Monte, E.

AU - Di Gesu, L.

AU - Di Lalla, N.

AU - Donnarumma, I.

AU - Doroshenko, V.

AU - Dovčiak, M.

AU - Ehlert, S.

AU - Enoto, T.

AU - Evangelista, Y.

AU - Fabiani, S.

AU - Ferrazzoli, R.

AU - Garcia, J.

AU - Gunji, S.

AU - Heyl, J.

AU - Iwakiri, W.

AU - Jorstad, S.

AU - Kaaret, P.

AU - Karas, V.

AU - Kislat, F.

AU - Kitaguchi, T.

AU - Kolodziejczak, J.

AU - Krawczynski, H.

AU - La Monaca, F.

AU - Latronico, L.

AU - Liodakis, I.

AU - Madejski, G.

AU - Maldera, S.

AU - Manfreda, A.

AU - Marscher, A.

AU - Massaro, F.

AU - Mitsuishi, I.

AU - Mizuno, T.

AU - Muleri, F.

AU - Negro, M.

AU - Ng, S.

AU - O'Dell, S.

AU - Omodei, N.

AU - Oppedisano, C.

AU - Papitto, A.

AU - Pavlov, G.

AU - Perri, M.

AU - Pesce-Rollins, M.

AU - Petrucci, P. -O.

AU - Pilia, M.

AU - Possenti, A.

AU - Poutanen, J.

AU - Ramsey, B.

AU - Rankin, J.

AU - Roberts, O.

AU - Romani, R.

AU - Sgrò, C.

AU - Slane, P.

AU - Soffitta, P.

AU - Spandre, G.

AU - Swartz, D.

AU - Tamagawa, T.

AU - Tavecchio, F.

AU - Taverna, R.

AU - Tawara, Y.

AU - Tennant, A.

AU - Thomas, N.

AU - Trois, A.

AU - Tsygankov, S.

AU - Turolla, R.

AU - Vink, J.

AU - Weisskopf, M.

AU - Xie, F.

AU - Zane, S.

PY - 2024/9/1

Y1 - 2024/9/1

N2 - Context. NGC 1068 is the most observed radio-quiet active galactic nucleus (AGN) in polarimetry, yet its high-energy polarization has never been probed before due to a lack of dedicated polarimeters. Aims. Using the first X-ray polarimeter sensitive enough to measure the polarization of AGNs, we want to probe the orientation and geometric arrangement of (sub)parsec-scale matter around the X-ray source. Methods. We used the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) satellite to measure, for the first time, the 2–8 keV polarization of NGC 1068. We pointed IXPE at the target for a net exposure time of 1.15 Ms, in addition to using two Chandra snapshots of ∼10 ks each in order to account for the potential impact of several ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) within IXPE's field of view. Results. We measured a 2–8 keV polarization degree of 12.4% ± 3.6% and an electric vector polarization angle of 101° ± 8° at a 68% confidence level. If we exclude the spectral region containing bright Fe K lines and other soft X-ray lines where depolarization occurs, the polarization fraction rises to 21.3% ± 6.7% in the 3.5–6.0 keV band, with a similar polarization angle. The observed polarization angle is found to be perpendicular to the parsec-scale radio jet. Using a combined Chandra and IXPE analysis plus multiwavelength constraints, we estimated that the circumnuclear "torus" may sustain a half-opening angle of 50–55° (from the vertical axis of the system). Conclusions. Thanks to IXPE, we have measured the X-ray polarization of NGC 1068 and found comparable results, both in terms of the polarization angle orientation with respect to the radio jet and the torus half-opening angle, to the X-ray polarimetric measurement achieved for the other archetypal Compton-thick AGN: the Circinus galaxy. Probing the geometric arrangement of parsec-scale matter in extragalactic objects is now feasible thanks to X-ray polarimetry.

AB - Context. NGC 1068 is the most observed radio-quiet active galactic nucleus (AGN) in polarimetry, yet its high-energy polarization has never been probed before due to a lack of dedicated polarimeters. Aims. Using the first X-ray polarimeter sensitive enough to measure the polarization of AGNs, we want to probe the orientation and geometric arrangement of (sub)parsec-scale matter around the X-ray source. Methods. We used the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) satellite to measure, for the first time, the 2–8 keV polarization of NGC 1068. We pointed IXPE at the target for a net exposure time of 1.15 Ms, in addition to using two Chandra snapshots of ∼10 ks each in order to account for the potential impact of several ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) within IXPE's field of view. Results. We measured a 2–8 keV polarization degree of 12.4% ± 3.6% and an electric vector polarization angle of 101° ± 8° at a 68% confidence level. If we exclude the spectral region containing bright Fe K lines and other soft X-ray lines where depolarization occurs, the polarization fraction rises to 21.3% ± 6.7% in the 3.5–6.0 keV band, with a similar polarization angle. The observed polarization angle is found to be perpendicular to the parsec-scale radio jet. Using a combined Chandra and IXPE analysis plus multiwavelength constraints, we estimated that the circumnuclear "torus" may sustain a half-opening angle of 50–55° (from the vertical axis of the system). Conclusions. Thanks to IXPE, we have measured the X-ray polarization of NGC 1068 and found comparable results, both in terms of the polarization angle orientation with respect to the radio jet and the torus half-opening angle, to the X-ray polarimetric measurement achieved for the other archetypal Compton-thick AGN: the Circinus galaxy. Probing the geometric arrangement of parsec-scale matter in extragalactic objects is now feasible thanks to X-ray polarimetry.

KW - polarization

KW - galaxies: active

KW - galaxies: Seyfert

KW - X-rays: galaxies

KW - X-rays: individuals: NGC 1068

KW - Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

KW - Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies

KW - 85-06

KW - J.2.3

KW - J.2.9

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/a9c7945d-0bc7-37e9-9bda-f3389d24b062/

U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/202449760

DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/202449760

M3 - Article

VL - 689

JO - ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

JF - ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

SN - 0004-6361

M1 - A238

ER -

ID: 125281976