This study examined whether interventions in Russian Baby Homes promoting warm, sensitive, and responsive caregiver-child interactions and relationships would be associated with advantages in those children’s behavior years after they transitioned to family care. Children (N = 135) who had resided for at least 3 months (M = 13.8 months) in 1 of 3 intervention institutions were subsequently placed in Russian families (relatives or nonrelatives) for at least 1 year (M = 33.5 months). When children were 1.5 to 10.8 years of age, parents provided ratings of attachment, indiscriminate friendliness, executive functioning, social-emotional development, and behavior problems. Despite very substantial differences in the developmental status of children at departure from the 3 institutions, there were fewer than expected significant differences between children from the 3 institutions at follow-up or as a function of being placed with relatives or nonrelatives. Specifically, children reared in the most improved institu