Abstract: This article attempts to analyze the evolution, current status, and possible prospects for the development of cooperation between Russian and Ukrainian scholars–historians in the context of today’s political realities. The material presented is based on communications made by the authors and their subsequent discussion at the Bureau of the Department of Historical and Philological Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, on June 19, 2019. This discussion was connected with the joint events held by historians from the Russian Federation and Ukraine, which took place in 2018 and 2019 in Austria and were attended by the authors of the article. The social significance and relevance of the modern Russian–Ukrainian dialogue between historians and the mutual interest in it shared by scientists of the two countries are substantiated. The Russian–Ukrainian project on the publication of the Chronicle of Samiilo Velichko about events in Southwestern Russia in the 17th century is analyzed, which is undertaken by the Center for Study of the History of Ukraine at St. Petersburg State University and the Institute for the History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU). The current state of Ukrainian studies in Russia is surveyed.