In her book, Space, the City and Social Theory (2005), Fran Tonkiss discusses approaches to the study of “how individuals engage with urban spaces at the levels of perception, memory and agency.” These levels form three central “spatial stories” that feature different themes: "(1) the impact of urban life on human consciousness; (2) the city’s relation to memory, dream and perception; and (3) the role of people’s everyday practice in making space in the city.” The three spheres of research are connected with the names of their pioneers: Georg Simmel, Walter Benjamin, and Michel de Certeau (pp. 113-14).