New approach to conceptualize social development and to measure its level is proposed for societies facing the paradoxical consequences of globalization. The economic and social divide between the group of the largest cities and the rest of the world supports the idea that globalization has resulted not in the ‘world society' or ‘worldwide sociality' but rather in networked enclaves of globality. In the post-globalization age, the ‘core' of socioeconomic order is dispersed into networks of enclaves of globality. The nations' prospects of social development depend on number, size, and influence of cosmopolitan super-urban areas attracting and generating transnational material, human, and symbolic flows. The index of super-urbanization is elaborated to measure nations' prospects under post-globalization conditions. Traditional indices of standard of living and quality of life have to be augmented in the new theoretical model and system of empirical indicators of social development under post-globalization conditions.