This paper presents the results of a pollen analysis of 40 surface samples collected from various geomorphological levels such as low and high floodplains, surfaces and slopes of terraces, tops of island remnants, etc., in different parts of the Lena River Delta. The obtained spore–pollen spectra (SPS) were compared with the modern vegetation composition. The role of long-distance transported pollen and the pollen of local plant biocenoses in the subrecent SPS formation is shown. Modern vegetation is most adequately reflected in the spectra of samples from a height range from 11 to 52 m above river level. SPS of other samples contain up to 40% of long-distance transported pollen, mostly Pinus s/g Haploxylon. This results in a significant decrease in the percentage of local pollen. The data offer the possibility of improving the reliability of palaeoclimatic reconstructions based on palaeopalynological data for Arctic regions.