In this paper we study the structure of near-surface layers of artificial and natural cosmic bodies, electric fields screening features, and the influence of the surface curvature on the charge state of bodies and their surfaces. The estimates of the thickness of the screening layer are obtained for the case of pulsed irradiation by a monochromatic beam related to the ultraviolet part of the spectrum. The problem of determining a stationary self-consistent electric field for a monoenergetic, monodirectional electron beam emitted from a plane body surface is solved analytically. It is shown that the thickness of the screening layer is finite and, in order, is equal to the Debye radius.