The problem of the short-duration processes is considered on the base of the nonlocal theory of non-equilibrium transport, taking into account inertial effects. The system temporal evolution out of equilibrium connected to the dynamic structure transition described by the Speed-Gradient principle (SG-principle or SGP) developed in control theory and cybernetic physics. In the manuscript, we show that retardation of the system response to the short-duration loading due to inertial effects influences on the system evolution and can change its direction. The response to the shock loading of condensed matter is compared to quasi-stationary loading in a wide range of conditions. The short duration loading can lead the system into the structure unstable state and even give rise to self-organization of turbulent structures in the medium. The use of SGP for the modelling of such processes opens new possibilities to control them.