Lake sediment records archive the Quaternary environmental and climatic history in northern high latitudes. Because of their spatial distribution, age range, time resolution, age control, and high sensitivity to paleoenvironmental conditions, lake records contribute to evaluating regional to hemispheric-scale climate change. Here, we compare the characteristics of lake sediments and their qualities for paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstructions with those of other archives in northern high latitudes, and we outline the current state of research by introducing a series of regional case studies on 31 lakes as part of this special issue. The compilation shows that the coring site selection and interpretation can strongly benefit from bathymetric and seismic or hydro-acoustic surveys. New coring techniques have become available making it possible to expand the records in length and time. Analytical work on the cores has particularly benefited from improved non-destructive logging and scanning techniques, from the development of new proxies, and from advancements in quantitative climate reconstructions. Progress was also made in further developments of dating techniques; however, the recognition of additional isochronal events, e.g., via tephrochronology or paleomagnetic event stratigraphy, is needed to derive a better understanding of leads and lags in climate signal propagation throughout the northern high latitudes.